Txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau Northern tau ua haujlwm tau 150 xyoo - ib txoj kab tshwj xeeb uas pib hauv nruab nrab ntawm Russia thiab ncav cuag 8638 km mus rau Far North thiab Arctic Circle, hla lub Urals, mus los ntawm European ib feem ntawm lub lub teb chaws mus rau Asia.
Nov yog ib qho ntawm 16 txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau Lavxias.
Nws pib ua li cas
Thawj daim ntawv qhia txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm Northern Railway yog Qhov Kev Txiav Txim Siab Tshaj Plaws ntawm Tus Huab Tais ntawm Russia, uas tau pom zoo rau txoj cai ntawm Moscow-Yaroslavl Railway Society.
Nws tau coj los ntawm xibfwb F. Chizhov, uas nyiam cov tub lag luam Moscow. 15,000 nyiaj rubles tau sau, thiab kev tsim kho pib tam sim ntawd.
Unofficially, thawj ntu tau suav tias yog txoj hauv kev tau muab tso rau hauv 1862. Nws txuas nrog Moscow thiab Sergiev Posad. Lub kaum ob chav locomotives khiav raws txoj kev 65 verst railway, rub ntau tshaj ib puas lub tsheb thauj khoom thiab cov neeg caij tsheb, nrog rau 15 lub tsheb nqa.
Qhov tseem ceeb thiab qhov tsim nyog ntawm txoj kev tau pom tseeb, yog li txiav txim siab los nthuav nws. Txij lub Cuaj Hlis 1868, kev tsheb khiav tsis tu ncua pib raws txoj kab tsheb ciav hlau Shuysko-Ivanovskaya, qhov twg 14 chav locomotives khiav,nqa 170 khoom thiab 28 tus neeg caij tsheb.
Nyob rau lub sijhawm luv luv (1870-1872) lub tuam txhab sib koom ua lag luam, coj los ntawm tus kws tshaj lij ua lag luam thiab tus neeg pab nyiaj txiag S. Mamontov, tab tom tso lwm cov kab:
- ntawm Aleksandrov rau Vologda ntawm Yaroslavl;
- ntawm Rybinsk rau Sonkovo;
- from Ivanovo rau Kineshma.
Volga cov nroog lag luam tau nkag ncaj qha rau St. Petersburg thiab Moscow. S. Mamontov, tsim txoj kev loj, kuj tau tsim cov chaw nres tsheb hauv tib hom. Rau qhov no, architects L. Kekushev thiab I. Ivanov-Shits tau caw, ua tsaug rau lawv kev siv zog, zoo nkauj, stuccoed noj nyob rau hauv Vologda-Arkhangelsk kab tshwm.
In 1900 txoj kev hla mus rau xeev.
Kev tsim kho txuas ntxiv mus, txoj hauv kev tau muab tso rau Kostroma, Arkhangelsk, Vologda, uas maj mam tig los ntawm cov dej rov qab mus rau qhov chaw thauj khoom tseem ceeb txuas rau ob lub nroog ntawm lub tebchaws.
Xyoo 1907, txoj kab tseem ceeb ntawm Moscow, Yaroslavl thiab Arkhangelsk (ntau tshaj 2 txhiab mais ntev) tau txais lub npe nom - Northern Railway.
Hauv xyoo 1911, kev hloov pauv mus rau qhov dav dav pib.
Txoj kev loj pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th
Txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau sab qaum teb, uas nws keeb kwm cuam tshuam nrog keeb kwm ntawm lub tebchaws, paub lub sijhawm kev vam meej thiab poob qis.
Tom qab lub kiv puag ncig, thaum lub sij hawm subbotniks, 226 chav locomotives tau kho nyob rau hauv 1919 ib leeg.
Hauv xyoo 1923, thaum lub sijhawm khaws cov khoom ntiag tug, nws tau pom tias 44% ntawm cov qauv ntawm SZD tau hnav tawm. Cov khoom siv rov qab thiab hluav taws xob ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau pib.
Tam sim no xyoo 1924Thawj ntu tau hluav taws xob: txoj kev suburban los ntawm Moscow rau Pushkino.
Cov qauv ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tsis hla SZD: xyoo 1935, thawj zaug, kev sib tw ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm poob siab-Stakhanovites tau tuav. Lawv nrhiav kev txuag roj, ua haujlwm tsis muaj xwm txheej, nce nrawm.
Northern Railway thaum tsov rog xyoo
Thaum pib ua tsov rog, SZD thauj 85% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom thauj hauv lub tebchaws. Thaum Lub Rau Hli 22, 1941, cov thawj coj ntawm txhua qhov chaw nres tsheb ntawm Northern Railway, nrog rau lwm txoj kev loj, tau txais kev txiav txim kom ncua tsheb ciav hlau mus rau lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab pab txhawb kev thauj mus los ntawm cov tub rog thiab khoom siv.
Nyob rau hauv kev sib zog los pab rau pem hauv ntej, cov neeg ua haujlwm railway tuav subbotniks, paub txog cov kev tshwj xeeb, kho qhov chaw ntawm lawv tus kheej, ua tiav cov qauv ntawm 200-300%. Ntau tus tau mus rau pem hauv ntej ua haujlwm pab dawb. Lub depot tau teeb tsa kev tsim cov khoom tiv thaiv tank, tsheb ciav hlau armored, tsheb ciav hlau thiab chav da dej.
Txawm tias muaj tsov rog, Northern Railway tau tsim thiab tsim. Nyob rau hauv 1941, nyob rau hauv 3 lub lis piam, lem tau tsim uas txuas nrog Oktyabrskaya thiab Northern highways nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam Kabozh. Xyoo 1942, 367 km ntawm North Pechora kab, tsim nyog rau kev xa cov thee, tau ua tiav. Txoj kev hauv kev ua tsov ua rog tau ua raws li cov tswv yim yooj yim, cov neeg pw tsaug zog qee zaum tau pw hauv dej khov thiab khov hauv av. Thaum tso cov lem, siv cov neeg raug kaw hauv tsev loj cuj.
Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, thaum lub xyoo ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, Northern Road tau txuas ntxiv los ntawm 1600 km, ruaj khov txuas cov mines ntawm Vorkuta nrog rau qhov chaw. Qhov ceev uas North Pechora Mainline tau tsim yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg: 1.9 km tau tsim ib hnub.
Ua tsaug rau SZD thaum lub sijhawmThaum tsov rog, roj, khoom noj, khoom siv, thiab thee tau xa mus rau pem hauv ntej ntawm Siberia thiab Urals. Ntau txhiab tus neeg khiav tawm, cov khoom siv hauv tsev, tsev qiv ntawv, cov khoom pov thawj hauv tsev tau raug thauj mus rau qhov tsis sib xws mus rau thaj chaw nyab xeeb.
Post-war years
Txawm hais tias txhua qhov kev siv zog ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau, txoj kab tau raug kev puas tsuaj hnyav thaum lub sijhawm ua tsov rog xyoo. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, txog 16 txhiab lub tsheb ciav hlau tau ploj, ntau txhiab mais ntawm txoj kev raug puas tsuaj. Rau cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Northern Railway, qhov tseem ceeb yog los kho lawv, nrog rau kev ua kom muaj peev xwm, tshem tawm kev vam khom ntawm cov daus, uas ua rau tuag tes tuag taw thaum lub caij ntuj no.
Xyoo 1953 Yaroslavl thiab Vologda kev tsheb ciav hlau tau muab tso rau hauv Northern railway, xyoo 1959 Pechora railway tau txuas rau nws. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Northern Railway revived lub Far North, nplua nuj raw khoom tau los ua:
- Ukhtinsky, qhov twg roj tau ua tiav;
- Vorkuta, nto moo rau thee mining;
- Syktyvkar - ntoo ua.
Los ntawm 1965, yuav luag ib nrab ntawm cov lem twb tau hloov mus rau hluav taws xob thiab diesel locomotive traction.
Nyob rau xyoo 70s, txoj kev tshiab tau tsim los txuas rau Arkhangelsk, Karpogory thiab Palenga, Yadrikha thiab Veliky Ustyug, Sosnogorsk thiab Pechorsk, Mikun thiab Vendiga. Lub tshuab hluav taws xob tau qhia txog uas tso cai rau kev tswj hwm kev txav mus los ntawm ntau lub tsheb ciav hlau, semaphores tau hloov nrog lub teeb tsheb.
Nyob rau xyoo 80s muaj kev teeb tsa ntawm kev tswj tsis siv neeg. Xyoo 1984, thawj lub tsheb ciav hlau ntawm 24 lub tsheb raug xa mus rau Moscow.
Plan yuav nteg lwm 2,000 kilometers ntawm txoj kevSZD.
Kev tsis sib xws ntawm txoj kev loj
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm SZD tsis tuaj yeem kwv yees ntau dhau: nws txuas nrog thaj chaw muaj kev lag luam hauv lub tebchaws nrog cov khoom siv raw, pab txhawb kev tsim kho ntawm cov nroog tshiab, cov chaw tsim khoom, txhawb kev txhim kho kev lag luam.
Northern Railway txuas lub nroog ntawm Syktyvkar, Vorkuta, Yaroslavl, Ivanovo, Arkhangelsk. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Far North tsis muaj txoj kev loj no yuav tsis muaj peev xwm ua tau. Niaj hnub no, SZD ua kom cov khoom thauj mus rau Plesetsk cosmodrome, mus rau qhov chaw nres nkoj ntawm Arkhangelsk, muab cov neeg ua haujlwm roj thiab roj ua haujlwm hauv Yamal nrog cov khoom tsim nyog.
SZD cov dej num muab kev ua haujlwm rau txog 10 txhiab lub lag luam me thiab nruab nrab, nrog rau cov lag luam loj xws li Severstal, Vorkutaugol, Slavneft, thiab lwm yam.
Txoj kev
Raws li kev faib ntawm Lavxias Railways, Northern Railway txuas:
- 7 thaj tsam ntawm central Russia - Yaroslavl, Ivanovo, Vologda, Vladimir, Arkhangelsk, Kostroma, Kirov;
- Komi koom pheej;
- Yamal.
35% ntawm qhov ntev ntawm txoj kev loj hla dhau thaj tsam Central ntawm Russia thiab 65% hla North-West.
Lub chaw thauj khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm SZD yog Vorkuta, Cherepovets, Inta, Novoyaroslavskaya.
Muaj marshalling yards ntawm txoj kev loj, ntawm lawv Solvychegodsk, Yaroslavl-Glavny, Losta.
Geography: nroog thiab chaw nres tsheb
Tus qauv ntawm txoj kev yog txiav txim siab los ntawm nws qhov chaw nyob. SZD suav nrog cov kab hauv qab no:
- Moscow - Arkhangelskntawm Alexandrov (1040 km);
- Pecherskaya, uas suav nrog kev taw qhia Konosha - Vorkuta dhau ntawm Kotlas, nrog rau cov ceg ntoo Chum - Labytnangi, Troitsko-Pechorsk - Sosnogorsk, Syktyvkar - Yertom, nws ntev yog 1562 km.
Latitudinal kab ntawm Northern Railway:
- Obozerskaya – Malenga;
- St. Petersburg - Yekaterinburg ntawm Cherepovets, Vologda, Svecha, Kirov.
Intra-koog tsev kawm ntawv txoj kab thiab nkag mus rau txoj kev ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam nrog qhov ntev ntawm yuav luag 5 txhiab km tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb, vim tias lawv nce qib ntawm maneuverability thiab economic efficiency ntawm kev thauj mus los logistics. Cov no yog txoj kev loj xws li:
- Bologoe - Ermolino;
- Kineshma - Belkovo ntawm Ivanovo;
- Buoy - Danilov;
- Novki - Sonkovo ntawm Ivanovo, Nerekhta, Yaroslavl thiab Rybinsk;
- Nerekhta - Galich via Kostroma.
Traffic statistics
Freight turnover ntawm Northern Railway yog hais txog 4.5% ntawm tag nrho cov ntim ntawm cov khoom thauj los ntawm Lavxias teb sab Railways. Nws nqa cov kev thauj me me thiab kev thauj mus los loj hauv cheeb tsam. Hauv 2016, 246.3 lab tons ntawm cov khoom thauj tau thauj.
Ua tsaug rau txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau, mined cov zaub mov muaj txiaj ntsig raug xa tawm:
- tawv thee los ntawm Vorkuta, Inta, Mulda, uas suav txog yuav luag 4% ntawm tag nrho cov thee tsim hauv Russia;
- khoom siv hauv tsev;
- roj los ntawm Ukhta;
- ntoo los ntawm chaw nres tsheb ntawm Arkhangelsk kev taw qhia, qhov no yog 1/4 ntawm lub teb chaws cov ntoo tag nrho;
- ferrous hlau.
SZD tsheb ciav hlau ntshuam cov khoom siv hauv tsev thiab mov rau hauv cheeb tsam.
Coal, taws, khoom siv hauv tsev yog cov hauv paus hauv kev thauj mus los hauv zos.
Cov kws tshaj lij tau ceeb toom tias kev tsheb khiav ceev ntawm Northern Railway yog qhov nruab nrab siab dua thoob plaws hauv Lavxias Railways network.
Cov thawj coj hais txog kev thauj khoom thauj yog cov chaw nres tsheb Northern Railway xws li:
- Arkhangelsk;
- Vorkuta;
- Privolzhie;
- YYaroslavl-Pristan;
- Hanovei;
- Rybinsk-Tovany;
- Cherepovets.
neeg caij tsheb thauj neeg
Txawm hais tias Northern Railway ua haujlwm tsawg ntawm cov neeg caij tsheb (piv rau Lavxias Railways), hauv cov lej nws zoo li zoo nkauj - 10.7 lab tus tib neeg siv txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau hauv xyoo 2016.
Kev lag luam neeg caij tsheb suav nrog:
- 52 txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau ntev ntawm Northern Railway, piv txwv li yuav luag 2 txhiab lub tsheb;
- 223 commuter tsheb ciav hlau;
- 9 tsheb ciav hlau.
SZD pab txog 100 txhiab tus neeg caij tsheb txhua hnub.
Feem ntau ntawm cov tsheb khiav yog suburban, kwv yees li 70% lossis 8.1 lab tus tib neeg, raws li 2016 cov ntaub ntawv. Txoj kev loj Moscow - Yekaterinburg, coj mus rau hauv tus account Yaroslavl, yog qhov nrov tshaj plaws kev taw qhia.
Kev tswj hwm
Raws li ib ceg ntawm Lavxias Railways, Northern Railway muaj nws qhov chaw nyob nruab nrab hauv Yaroslavl, ntawm Volzhskaya Embankment, 59.
Nyob hauv cov qauv ntawm nws 5 ceg, uas nyob hauv cov nroog thiab cov nroog hauv qab no:
- Arkhangelsk, pl. Lub Kaum Hli 60, 4;
- Vologda, st. Mira,39;
- Solvychegodsk, st. Ulyanova, 21;
- Sosnogorsk, st. Oplesnina, 1;
- YYaroslavl, st. Kev ywj pheej, 72.
Ze li ntawm 46,000 tus neeg ua haujlwm ua haujlwm hauv ntau lub tuam haujlwm ntawm SZD. Kev tswj hwm ntawm Northern Railway yog ua los ntawm nws lub taub hau, tam sim no tus ncej yog nyob los ntawm Tanaev V. F.
Sib tham nrog lwm hom kev thauj
Kev thauj mus los hauv Dej tau ntev ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv Far North, ntau qhov chaw tsheb ciav hlau koom tes nrog cov tuam txhab thauj khoom:
- Pechorsky (chaw nres tsheb ciav hlau Abez, Kozhva thiab Sosnogorsk);
- Northern (Sheksna chaw nres tsheb);
- Volzhsky (cov chaw nres tsheb thauj mus los Kostroma, Rybinsk, Yaroslavl, Kineshma).
SZD txuas seaports, feem ntau Arkhangelsk, Mezen, Onega thiab Naryan-Mar, nrog rau txhua cheeb tsam ntawm Russia.
Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws txoj kev loj ua tiav kev xa khoom kawg ntawm cov chaw tsheb ciav hlau mus rau cov neeg siv khoom.
