Nyob hauv tsev kawm ntawv, nyob rau hauv cov lus Lavxias teb sab, lawv pib kawm dab tsi ib qho lus piv txwv yog los ntawm qib 2, thiab tom qab ntawd ntxiv cov kev paub txog lub tswv yim no. Yog li, txhais los ntawm Greek, nws txhais tau tias: "tiv thaiv" - tiv thaiv thiab "lub npe" - onoma. Lo lus no tsuas siv tau rau ob peb lo lus xwb. Hauv ib lo lus - yeej tsis! Yog li, antonyms yog cov lus nrog cov ntsiab lus sib txawv (piv txwv li, teeb meem - antonym pab tau).
Tsuas yog cov lus ntawm ib feem ntawm kev hais lus tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv cov khub zoo li no:
- noun with noun;
- verb nrog verb;
- adverb nrog adverb;
- kev sib raug zoo nrog kev koom tes;
- gerund nrog gerund;
- preposition nrog preposition.
Tsis txhob ua khub zoo li no:
- yuav luag tag nrho cov lus;
- lo lus uas qhia txog poj niam txiv neej (ib tug poj niam thiab ib tug txiv neej tsis yog ib tug anonymous ob peb);
- nouns uas muaj lub ntsiab lus (piv txwv li, phau ntawv, tsev, thiab lwm yam);
- npe kom raug (nws tsis tuaj yeem pom ib khub lus "Moscow", "Russia", "Pavel", "Murka", thiab lwm yam);
- ntaus.
Txoj kev txwv ntawm kev tsim cov khub xws li:
- sib txawv xim xim;
- lo lus nrog me me thiab augmentative suffixes (piv txwv li, nag - nag - nag).
Antonymy of polysemantic lus
Cov lus muaj peev xwm tsim nyog tau txais kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb. Piv txwv li, lo lus tshiab muaj ntau lub ntsiab lus. Rau txhua tus ntawm lawv, koj tuaj yeem xaiv koj tus kheej tus khub tsis qhia npe:
- qhob cij tshiab - stale bread;
- linen tshiab - linen qias neeg;
- cua tshiab - cua kub;
Xav txog qhov antonym ntawm lo lus polysemantic yog dab tsi, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab tias nws tseem tuaj yeem ua ke tib lo lus ntawm nws lub ntsiab lus sib txawv. Piv txwv li, cov lus qhia "saib". Thawj lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus no yog "kom paub, pom ib yam dab tsi." Lub ntsiab lus thib ob yog "tsis pom, tsis pom, nco."
Qhov txawv ntawm cov lus sib txawv los ntawm cov qauv:
- single-root (piv txwv li, ntsiag to - nrov);
- cov hauv paus hniav txawv (piv txwv li, ua siab loj - ntshai).
Qhov tshwm sim hauv cov lus no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tsim cov duab stylistic. Nws tsis yog tsuas yog paub dab tsi antonyms yog, nws yog lub peev xwm los tsim ntau yam dluab siv hom lus.
thawj qhov tshwm sim yog qhov kev tawm tsam
Nws yog tsim los ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus, ua tsaug uas ntau tus neeg nco txog lub npe ntawm cov haujlwm classic "Kev Tsov Rog thiab Kev Thaj Yeeb", "Txiv Neej thiab Tub", "Tub thiab nyias", thiab lwm yam.
Qhov thib ob tshwm sim yog oxymoron
Daim duab no yog ua los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua kelub ntsiab lus. Ntawm cov ntawv sau npe siv oxymoron yog "Hot Snow", "Living Corpse", "Dead Souls".
Nrog kev paub meej txog qhov lus piv txwv yog dab tsi, ib tus tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas cov duab stylistic yooj yim thaum kawm ntawv.
Ntxiv rau, nws yog ib txwm ua kom paub qhov txawv ntawm cov lus hauv qab no hauv Lavxias:
- hom lus dav dav - feem ntau siv hauv lub neej txhua hnub thiab hauv cov ntawv sau (piv txwv li, hmo ntuj - nruab hnub);
- ntsiab lus - cov lus uas ua antonyms nkaus xwb nyob rau hauv ib lub ntsiab lus (piv txwv li, "hma thiab yaj").
Ib lo lus polysemantic, homonym, synonym, antonym ua rau kev hais lus nplua nuj thiab nthuav ntau dua, feem ntau yog siv hauv cov lus pov thawj thiab cov lus, cov ntawv sau thiab cov lus hais.
Txhim kho cov lus tsis sib xws, muaj cov phau ntawv txhais lus tshwj xeeb pom zoo los ntawm Ministry of Education, kho los ntawm Vvedenskaya L. A., Kolesnikov N. P., Lvov M. R.
