Archaeologist Mikhail Mikhailovich Gerasimov: biography, kev ua ub no thiab nthuav tseeb

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 07:58

Gerasimov Mikhail Mikhailovich yog tus kws tshawb fawb ntiaj teb nto moo, archaeologist, sculptor. Nws yog nws uas tsim cov thev naus laus zis los kho cov neeg sab nraud zoo li siv cov pob txha pob txha thiab pob txha taub hau. Nws kuj tau tsim kho cov duab puab ntawm cov duab keeb kwm thiab cov neeg qub qub, tshwj xeeb yog Tamerlane, Yaroslav the Wise, Ivan the Terrible thiab lwm tus.

Los ntawm tsab xov xwm koj yuav kawm txog keeb kwm ntawm Gerasimov Mikhail Mikhailovich. Koj tseem yuav tau paub txog nws cov haujlwm thiab qee qhov tseeb ntawm lub neej.

Biography

Nyob Mikhail Mikhailovich Gerasimov los ntawm 1907 txog 1970. Yug rau lub Cuaj Hlis 15 hauv nroog St. Nws tuag rau lub Xya hli ntuj 21, 1970 nyob rau hauv lub capital ntawm peb lub teb chaws. Michael txiv yog kws kho mob. Ntxiv nrog rau txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb, nws nyiam qhov xwm txheej, nyiam lub ntiaj teb ntawm geological eras thaum ub thiab kawm txog kev sau ntawv ntawm Darwin.

Lub tsev muaj cov ntawv sau zoo sib xwstsev qiv ntawv. Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias Michael tau nyiam cov khoom qub qub thiab mob siab rau nws lub neej rau kev tshawb fawb. Txog lub neej ntawm M. M. Gerasimov ua ntej thaum hluas, keeb kwm tsis paub. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb poob rau qhov pib thiab tsim ntawm Michael ua tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm yav dhau los, tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm thiab cov kws kos duab-reenactor.

Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 11 xyoos, tus tub mus rau qhov kev tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm yav dhau los hauv thaj chaw hauv nroog Irkutsk (Verkholenskaya Gora). Nws twb tau nyiam heev rau Cuvier qhov kev sim ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm cov tsiaj keeb kwm.

Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 13 xyoos, Mikhail Mikhailovich Gerasimov mus ua haujlwm hauv Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Anatomy, nyob hauv Irkutsk University. Nws txaus siab heev nyob rau hauv lub cev. Lawv coj tus tub hauv qab lawv tis: tus kws kho mob kws lij choj Grigoriev thiab anatomist Kazantsev.

Mikhail muaj lub cim xeeb zoo nkauj thiab lub zog ntawm kev soj ntsuam, uas tau pab nws kawm paub meej txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov pob txha pob txha taub hau thiab cov nqaij mos ntawm lub ntsej muag. Qhov kev paub no muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau nws hauv lub neej yav tom ntej thaum rov tsim lub ntsej muag.

Thawj discoveries

Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 14 xyoos, Mikhail nws tus kheej qhib qhov faus neeg uas nyob hauv Hnub Nyoog Pob Zeb. Qhov no yog nws thawj zaug qhib faus. Qhov thib ob raug khawb thaum muaj hnub nyoog 17.

Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 18 xyoo, tus tub hluas tau luam tawm nws thawj tsab xov xwm tshawb fawb tau mob siab rau paleontological excavations ntawm qhov chaw hloov chaw (Innokentievskaya chaw nres tsheb, thiab tam sim no Irkutsk-2) hauv nroog Irkutsk.

Cov no yog kev khawb av ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv Paleolithic era. Thiab txog niaj hnub no, cov khoom qub uas nws pom yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv lub tebchaws thiabtam sim no nyob hauv tsev cia puav pheej.

Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 20 xyoo, nws tau koom nrog kev khawb av ze Khabarovsk, qhov chaw nws nrhiav pom Mesolithic kev sib haum xeeb nrog kev txhawb nqa ntau txheej monument.

Qhov kev tshawb pom tseem ceeb ntawm tus kws kho mob paleontologist

Xyoo 1928, Mikhail Mikhailovich Gerasimov tuaj rau lub zos M alta hauv cheeb tsam Irkutsk rau kev khawb. Yav dhau los, ib tug mammoth tusk tau pom nyob rau hauv qhov chaw no, thiab nws yog nyob ntawm no tias qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nrhiav tau ntawm qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau archaeology. Ib qhov chaw nto moo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Siberia (M alta) tau pom, uas tau nyob hauv av txij li Paleolithic era. Yav dhau los, cov khoom qub no tsuas pom nyob rau sab hnub poob Europe xwb.

Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, 15 lub tsev tau pom, cov phab ntsa uas yog ua los ntawm cov pob txha mammoth. Archaeologists kuj unearthed pob txha thiab pob zeb sculptures, cuab yeej, tej hauj lwm ntawm nascent art thiab faus tus me nyuam muaj plaub xyoos.

Kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm

Lub sijhawm xyoo (1931-1932) Gerasimov Mikhail Mikhailovich tau txais kev paub ntawm Lub Xeev Academy ntawm Cov Khoom Siv Kab lis kev cai hauv Leningrad. Xyoo 1932, nws tau raug caw mus ua haujlwm puv sijhawm, uas nws tau ua ke nrog nws txoj haujlwm nyiam ntawm kev khawb. Ib me ntsis tom qab ntawd, nws tau muab ib txoj hauj lwm ua tus thawj coj ntawm Hermitage restoration Rhiav, uas, ntawm chav kawm, nws tsis kam.

Nws tau sib txuas lus nrog cov kws tshaj lij kos duab uas tsim nyog, uas tom qab ntawd ua lub luag haujlwm loj hauv kev txhim kho tus kws tshawb fawb txog keeb kwm Mikhail Mikhailovich Gerasimov ua tus kws kos duab, kws tshawb fawb thiab sculptor. Txawm hais tias muaj kev ua haujlwm loj, nws tseem txuas ntxiv mus xyuas qhov khawb hauv thaj av Angara thiab lwm qhov chaw tseem ceeb.

Kev tsim kho ntawm cov neeg thaum ub

Txij li xyoo 1927, tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm yav dhau los Gerasimov Mikhail Mikhailovich pib rov tsim kho cov tsos ntawm cov neeg qub. Sculptures-reconstructions ntawm ib tug Neanderthal thiab ib tug Pithecanthropus yog rau pej xeem tso rau hauv lub zos keeb kwm tsev cia puav pheej ntawm Irkutsk.

Tam sim no nws txoj kev ua haujlwm hu ua "Gerasimov method". Txhawm rau ua tiav qhov tshwm sim, nws siv sijhawm feem ntau ntawm nws lub sijhawm sim thiab sim, rov nyeem ntau phau ntawv, txiav lub taub hau, ntsuas qhov tuab ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab cov leeg nqaij. Yog li ntawd, nws tej hauj lwm tau coj qhov chaw zoo tsim nyog nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab exhibition chaw.

Hauv xyoo 1941, Gerasimov M. M. tau ua thawj qhov kev sim loj ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm Moscow morgue hauv Lefortovo. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, nws tau ua 12 tswj reconstructions los ntawm cov pob txha taub hau uas yog ib tug Suav, Ncej, Ukrainian, thiab Lavxias teb sab neeg. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev sim yog stunning. Thaum Mikhail tau pom cov duab, nws tau pom tias tag nrho 12 lub ntsej muag tsim muaj cov duab zoo sib xws.

Nyob rau xyoo 1938, thaum lub sijhawm khawb hauv Tashkent, Mikhail Mikhailovich Gerasimov pom ib qho kev faus neeg thaum ub rov qab mus rau Hnub Nyoog Pob Zeb, uas cov pob txha ntawm ib tug tub Neanderthal tau khaws cia tag nrho. Tom qab ntawd, Mikhail tau ua tiav qhov kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm nws, uas ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov loj.

Tshuaj xyuas Anthropologist's Art

Ntau tus neeg ntseeg tias Mikhail tsim qhov zoo li nws cov duab puab. Ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb tau txiav txim siab los npaj rau nws los xyuas qhov tseeb ntawm cov neeg uas muaj duab nyob rau hauv lub neej. Gerasimov tau ua nws thawj tswj haujlwmnyob rau hauv Leningrad.

Nws tau muab pob txha taub hau, tab sis tsis muaj leej twg hais meej tias nws yog leej twg. Nws muab tawm tias cov no yog cov seem ntawm Papuan uas nyob hauv St. Gerasimov Mikhail Mikhailovich ua ib tug reconstruction raws li nws tus kheej txoj kev. Skeptics ntseeg hais tias lawv yuav tau txais ib tug duab puab ntawm ib tug European, tab sis lawv tau txais ib tug Papuan. Yog li ntawd, Mikhail xeem dhau nws thawj qhov kev xeem.

Qhov kev sim thib ob uas nws yuav tsum tau ua hauv xyoo 1940. Cov archaeologist tau nthuav tawm nrog lub pob txha taub hau uas pom nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm cov crypts ntawm ib lub toj ntxas hauv Moscow. Gerasimov tau hais tias tus txiv neej nyob txog 100 xyoo dhau los thiab yog ib tug txheeb ze ntawm ib tug kws sau ntawv Lavxias.

Tus kws tshawb fawb hauv nws txoj haujlwm tau txiav txim siab tias lub pob txha taub hau yog tus poj niam hluas. Nws rov tsim nws lub ntsej muag, ua cov plaub hau uas hnav thaum ntawd.

Thaum cov kws tshawb fawb pib tshawb xyuas nws txoj haujlwm, lawv xav tsis thoob tias yuav luag tag nrho zoo ib yam li Dostoevsky niam. Nws cov duab puab tau muab piv rau tib daim duab uas tau pleev xim rau thaum muaj hnub nyoog 20.

Qhov no ua tiav Gerasimov cov tshev. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau ntseeg nws txoj kev tshaj lij. Gerasimov yeej muaj peev xwm tsim kom raug reconstruction portraits ntawm cov neeg uas ib zaug nyob.

Ua haujlwm los ntawm Mikhail Gerasimov

Tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm nto moo tshaj plaws yog cov duab puab-portrait ntawm lub ntsej muag ntawm Ivan the Terrible, uas nws tsim xyoo 1964. Nws txhob txwm tsis txhob kawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tus huab tais zoo nkaus li, thiaj li tsis mus ntsib lawv lub siab.

Qhov tseeb yog cov duab ntawm tus kav rau qee yam tsis muaj sia nyob rau peb lub sijhawm. Tom qabkev tsim kho dua tshiab, cov kws tshawb fawb tau sau tseg tias, feem ntau yuav, daim duab no yog ze li sai tau rau qhov tiag. Gerasimov piav txog cov duab ntawm ib tug txiv neej siab tawv thiab siab tawv uas zoo li huab tais.

Lwm cov duab puab ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm yog kev tsim kho ntawm Tajik kws sau paj huam Rudaki, uas nyob hauv lub xyoo pua 10th. Cov haujlwm tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1957. Gerasimov nws tus kheej pom nyob rau hauv lub tojntxas nyob rau hauv lub zos qhov seem ntawm ib tug txiv neej lub cev pob txha uas ib zaug koom rau tus kws sau paj lug. Nws paub li cas?

Mikhail kawm cov paj huam uas sau los ntawm tus kws sau paj huam, uas piav qhia tias nws mus dig muag thaum laus thiab tsis muaj hniav. Thaum nws pib kawm txog cov pob txha pob txha, nws tau pom tias nws tsis muaj cov hniav thiab cov npoo sab sauv ntawm cov hlab ntsha ophthalmic tau atrophied. Nws yog qhov tseeb uas qhia tias nws yog Rudaki.

Nyob rau xyoo 1946, kev tsim kho cov duab ntawm Skilur, tus huab tais ntawm Scythians, uas nyob rau xyoo pua 2 BC, tau tsim. Cov seem ntawm tus kav tau pom thaum lub sijhawm khawb hauv Scythian Neapolis. Cov xwm txheej ntawm cov pob txha pom tau qhia los ntawm cov riam phom kim uas nyob hauv qhov ntxa, lub kaus mom tooj liab nrog cov nyiaj inlay, kub hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab lwm yam kev nplua nuj.

Gerasimov tau tsim kho Tamerlane (Timur), tus neeg kov yeej medieval uas nyob hauv lub xyoo pua 14th, xyoo 1941 tom qab qhib lub qhov ntxa. Txhua yam ntaub ntawv hais txog tus conqueror paub txog thaum lub sij hawm ntawd ua tim khawv tias nws yog nws nyob rau hauv lub qhov ntxa. Lub ntsej muag tau tsim los ntawm pob txha taub hau, thiab cov khaub ncaws thiab headgear yog raws li kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov khoom ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd thiab cov khoom me me uas muaj sia nyob.

Cov seem ntawm Ulugbek, tus tub xeeb ntxwv ntawm Timur, tau pom nyob rau hauv lub tsev lojcujGur-Emi Samarkand. Nws yog ib tug kws kho mob, kws sau paj lug thiab astronomer. Muaj cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj tias nws yog Ulugbek, txij li lub cev tau pom cais tawm ntawm lub taub hau (vim nws raug txiav tawm los ntawm Khan Abbas). Yog li ntawd, tsis muaj kev ntseeg tias nws yog Ulugbek.

Cov no yog cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb zoo. Nws kuj yog tus sau ntawm reconstructions:

• Yaroslav the Wise;
• Andrei Bogolyubsky;
• Ushakova.

Published books

Txawm hais tias tus sculptor zoo yuav luag tsis muaj sij hawm dawb, nws muaj peev xwm sau tau ob peb phau ntawv. Tam sim no cov phau ntawv ntawm Mikhail Mikhailovich Gerasimov yog nrov ntawm lovers ntawm humanities thiab social sciences. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog anthropological:

"Tshuaj kho lub ntsej muag ntawm pob txha taub hau (hnub no thiab fossil txiv neej)". Phau ntawv tau luam tawm xyoo 1955. Ua ntej xyoo 1949, cov ntsiab lus ntawm txoj haujlwm tau luam tawm. Qhov no yog ib qho kev piav qhia tshiab thiab ua tiav ntawm cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm tus kws kos duab Lavxias thiab tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm. Nws nthuav tawm cov duab kos duab rov tsim dua tshiab, sib tham txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim kho duab portrait thiab nws daim ntawv thov raws li kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm

People of the Stone Age yog ib phau ntawv luam tawm xyoo 1964. Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem kawm txog cov kev tsim kho tshiab tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg uas tau ua dhau los ntawm 20 xyoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Nws kuj piav txog qee qhov xwm txheej rau kev nrhiav tib neeg seem. Ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb hauv phau ntawv yog nyob ntawm qhov kev piav qhia ntawm lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb uas ib tus neeg nyob

Tseem muaj dua ib phau ntawv uas tau tso tawm tom qab kev tuag ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm -"Tamerlane tus Conqueror ntawm Asia". Nws suav nrog cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov kws tshaj lij orientalists xws li L. A. Zimin, V. V. Bartold, A. Yu. Yakubovsky thiab, tau kawg, M. M. Gerasimov.

Kev ua tiav

Cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv qab no tau ua los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm:

• Nws tau tsim ntau dua 200 portrait duab puab siv cov txheej txheem rov tsim dua. Lawv yog cov tib neeg zoo tib yam uas nyob hauv lub sijhawm thaum ub, thiab cov duab keeb kwm.
• Nws, ua ke nrog ib pab neeg ntawm archaeologists, tshawb nrhiav thiab nrhiav pom M alta qhov chaw ntawm Upper Paleo lub sijhawm.
• Tau ntau xyoo (1931-1936) nws tau tshawb nrhiav Fofanovsky faus av, nyob ze ntawm lub zos Fofanovo hauv Buryatia (Kabansky koog tsev kawm ntawv).
• Gerasimov rov tsim kho lub ntsej muag ntawm Neanderthal lig, nws cov seem tau pom nyob rau hauv grotto ntawm La Chapelle-aux-Seine hauv Fabkis, nrog rau Cro-Magnons khawb ntawm Sungir qhov chaw, nyob ze Vladimir.

Npaj qhov tseeb

Thawj qhov kev sim ntawm M. M. Gerasimov tau ua raws li kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ua Phem Txhaum Cai. Lawv officially muab nws xaj. Txhua yam tau ua tiav hauv kev zais zais. Nws tsis yog hom haujlwm uas tus kws tshawb fawb archaeologist npau suav txog. Nws pom tias yog qhov tsim nyog. Tsis tas li ntawd, Mikhail tau txais nyiaj rau nws. Nov yog qee cov dab neeg nthuav qhia txog yuav ua li cas kev ua txhaum cai raug daws ua tsaug rau Gerasimov.

Nyob rau hauv Leningrad nws tau paub txog qhov ploj ntawm ib tug me nyuam tub uas nrhiav tsis tau ntev. Thaum kawg, lawv nrhiav tau nws thiab muab lub cev pob txha rau Gerasimov. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws yeej tsis pom ib daim duab ntawm tus tub. Nws yog amazing, tab sis nws yog heev zoo thiab meejua kev tsim kho dua tshiab uas thaum ob peb daim duab tau muab rau leej niam ntawm tus tub uas ploj lawm, nws tau xaiv raws nraim cov uas tau coj los ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm Mikhail.

Lwm qhov xwm txheej tshwm sim hauv Stalingrad ua ntej ua tsov rog. Ib tug txiv neej hais tias nws tus poj niam cev xeeb tub ploj lawm. Ib xyoos tom qab, nyob rau hauv hav zoov, ib tug xib fwb nrog cov me nyuam pom ib tug pob txha taub hau thiab cov seem ntawm ib tug pob txha taub hau. Tus kws lij choj hauv nroog xav tias nws tsuas yog tus poj niam uas ploj lawm xwb. Lub pob txha taub hau raug xa los ntawm parcel mus rau Gerasimov. Tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm tau tsim kho dua tshiab, thiab thaum daim duab duab puab tau pom rau tus txiv ntawm tus poj niam ploj lawm, nws lees txim tias nws tau tua nws tus poj niam.

Tom qab lub neej

Xyoo 1944, archaeologist-sculptor Mikhail Gerasimov tsiv nrog nws tsev neeg mus rau Moscow, qhov chaw uas nws pib ua hauj lwm ntawm lub koom haum ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cov khoom Culture. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, nws tau txais lub State Stalin nqi zog.

Tus kws tshawb fawb qub txeeg qub teg muaj lwm lub xeev khoom plig ntawm USSR - Qhov Kev Txiav Txim ntawm Daim Npav Ua Haujlwm rau kev ua tiav hauv kev tshawb fawb.

Nyob rau xyoo 1950, Laboratory of Plastic Reconstruction yog tsim los ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Ethnography ntawm USSR Academy of Sciences. Nws tseem ua haujlwm. Gerasimov tau saib xyuas nws mus txog thaum kawg ntawm nws lub neej.

Tus kws tshawb fawb nto moo tau tuag thaum muaj hnub nyoog 63. Nws tawm mus rau nws cov thwjtim kom paub meej cov lus piav qhia ntawm nws tus kheej cov txheej txheem rau kev tsim kho lub ntsej muag ntawm lub pob txha taub hau. Nws tau hais tias yog koj ua raws li nws cov lus qhia, nws yuav tsis yooj yim rau tus kws tshaj lij uas tau kawm ua qhov nws tus kheej ib zaug ua.

Gerasimov tshuav ib tug ntxhais, Margarita, uas ua raws li nws txiv tus taw thiab kuj tau los uaanthropologist.

Nov yog zaj dab neeg ntawm Mikhail Mikhailovich Gerasimov, tus kws tshawb fawb zoo tshaj plaws ntawm nws lub sijhawm. Nws, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, qhib ib tug tshiab kev ua ub no - lub reconstruction ntawm cov seem ntawm lub pob txha taub hau thiab pob txha taub hau. Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias tag nrho cov niaj hnub portrait sculptures tau ua raws li nws scientific tej hauj lwm. Tam sim no nws tej hauj lwm tau nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv ntau lub tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm lub teb chaws, qhov twg ntau txhiab tus neeg tuaj yeem saib cov haujlwm ntawm tus tswv.