Txij thaum ancient sij hawm, noob neej tau txaus siab rau cov lus nug txog kev paub. Philosophical xav tau tsim raws li ib tug neeg paub lub ntiaj teb no thiab nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv nws. Txawm nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, xws li kev tshawb fawb xws li lej, physics, keeb kwm, thiab kev xav tau yug los. Tom qab ntawd cov lus nug tshwm sim ntawm dab tsi yog txoj kev paub qhov tseeb thiab ntawm qhov nws yuav tsum ua raws. Nws yog lub sijhawm no uas cov dej ntws xws li dogmatism, pragmatism, empiricism tshwm sim.
Empiricism as a philosophy
Empirical yog ib yam dab tsi raws li kev ua haujlwm ncaj qha. Qhov ntawd yog, yam uas tau los ntawm tib neeg kev paub. Lub tswvyim no underlies lub philosophical kev taw qhia ntawm tib lub npe. Kev paub txog kev paub yog qhov tseeb rau tus empiricist. Qhov no yog nws lub ntsiab lus thiab qhov chaw ntawm kev paub. Kev paub tshwm sim los ntawm tib neeg kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev hnov lus.
Francis Bacon - tus tsim ntawm empiricism
Tus tsim ntawm tam sim no yog F. Bacon, ua tsaug rau leej twg empiricism tau formalized rau hauv lub tswv yim paub tab. Tom qab ntawd, ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov tam sim no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv nws - ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, zoo thiab muaj tswv yim empiricism. Bacon hais tias rau kev paub nws yog qhov tsim nyog kom tshem tawm qhov kev nkag siab thiab lub siab ntawm cov mlom khoob thiab tau txais kev paub dhau los ntawm kev sim thiab kev soj ntsuam ntawm xwm. Lub ntsiab mlom raws li Bacon: pawg neeg, qhov tsua, khw, ua yeeb yam. Empiricism tawm tsam nws tus kheej rau cov dej num rationalistic thiab kev cai dab qhuas scholasticism.
Qhov tseeb hauv empiricism
Rationalists thiab empiricists txawv ntawm lawv txoj kev nkag siab ntawm qhov chaw paub txog qhov tseeb. Tus qub pom nws nyob rau hauv kev ntseeg siab thiab hais kom tsis txhob noj ib yam dab tsi rau kev tso cai, absolutizing logic thiab txoj kev txiav tawm. Thaum empiricism yog ib qho qauv raws li induction. Nws cov neeg koom nrog pom qhov kev paub ntawm tus neeg (empiricism), nws qhov kev xav yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov tseeb. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog kom paub qhov kev xav, txheej txheem nws thiab qhia qhov tseeb uas tau muab rho tawm los ntawm nws mus rau tus neeg hauv nws daim ntawv qub, tsis hloov pauv. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev paub rau tus empiricist yog, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, xwm, kev soj ntsuam ntawm nws thiab kev ua nyob rau hauv nws, generating rhiab heev. Qhov kev qhia no yog ze rau cov kev tshawb fawb xws li biology, tshuaj, physics, astronomy.
Qhov tseeb hauv kev ntseeg yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev xav txog kev ua neej, uas tau hais hauv cov qauv hauv qab no:
• sensation (mirroring nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm ib tug neeg ntawm cov khoom thiab yam ntawm ib yam dab tsi, cuam tshuam rau lub senses);
• kev xaav (tsim ntawm ib tug holistic duab ntawm ib tug cognizable khoom raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lub synthesis ntawm sensations);
•kev sawv cev (ib qho txiaj ntsig ntawm kev nthuav dav ntawm kev pom kev pom kev pom kev pom, tsis pom tam sim no, tab sis cuam tshuam rau yav dhau los).
Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev paub qhov tseeb, ib tug neeg siv qhov muag pom, gustatory, tactile, auditory sensations, uas yog tsim los ua sawv cev nrog kev pab ntawm kev nco thiab kev xav. Empiricism piav qhia qhov no los ntawm kev muaj nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev ntawm exteroceptive (sensitive organs) thiab interoreceptive (cov cim qhia txog lub xeev sab hauv). Yog li, cov kev xav-kev xav thiab kev xav-rhiab-rhiab yog lub hauv paus uas cov empiricists tsim cov qauv ntawm qhov tseeb thiab lub hom phiaj kev paub.
