Kimberlite yeeb nkab yog ntsug lossis ze rau lub cev geological, uas tau tsim los ntawm kev tawg los ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov roj av. Tus ncej no yog qhov loj heev. Cov yeeb nkab kimberlite muaj cov duab zoo ib yam li cov zaub ntug hauv paus lossis iav. Nws sab sauv yog ib tug loj heev conical bulge, tab sis nrog qhov tob nws maj mam nqaim thiab thaum kawg hloov mus rau hauv cov hlab ntsha. Qhov tseeb, xws li lub cev geological yog ib yam ntawm cov roob hluav taws thaum ub, thaj av uas tau raug puas tsuaj loj vim yog cov txheej txheem yaig.
kimberlite yog dab tsi?
Cov khoom no yog pob zeb uas muaj phlogopite, pyrope, olivine thiab lwm yam minerals. Kimberlite yog xim dub nrog lub ntsej muag ntsuab thiab xiav tinge. Tam sim noNtau tshaj li ib thiab ib nrab txhiab lub cev ntawm cov khoom hais tau paub, kaum feem pua ntawm cov pob zeb diamond. Cov kws tshaj lij tau sau tseg tias kwv yees li 90% ntawm tag nrho cov peev txheej ntawm cov pob zeb diamond yog tsom rau hauv cov kav dej kimberlite, thiab qhov seem 10% - hauv lamproite.
Tsis paub txog keeb kwm ntawm pob zeb diamond
Txawm tias muaj kev tshawb fawb ntau hauv cov pob zeb diamond deposits, cov kws tshawb fawb niaj hnub no tseem tsis tuaj yeem piav qhia qee yam ntawm cov yam ntxwv cuam tshuam nrog lub hauv paus chiv keeb thiab muaj nyob ntawm cov pob zeb zoo nkauj no.
thawj riddle: yog vim li cas yog ib tug kimberlite yeeb nkab nyob rau hauv lub qub platforms thiab shields, uas yog cov feem ntau ruaj khov thiab ruaj khov blocks ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust? Tom qab tag nrho, lub thickness ntawm cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ncav cuag 40 kilometers ntawm lub pob zeb, muaj xws li bas alts, granites, thiab lwm yam. Yuav ua li cas lub zog yuav tsum tau ua li ntawd ib tug breakthrough?! Yog vim li cas ib tug kimberlite yeeb nkab pierce precisely ib tug haib platform, thiab tsis thinner, hais tias, dej hiav txwv pem teb, tsuas yog kaum kilometers tuab, los yog hloov chaw - nyob rau hauv ciam teb ntawm dej hiav txwv nrog continents? Tom qab tag nrho, ntau pua lub roob hluav taws nyob hauv cov cheeb tsam no … Geologists tsis tuaj yeem teb cov lus nug no.
Qhov tsis paub tom ntej yog qhov zoo kawg nkaus ntawm cov yeeb nkab kimberlite. Qhov tseeb, nws tsis zoo li cov yeeb nkab, tab sis zoo li lub iav champagne: lub khob loj loj ntawm lub qia nyias uas nkag mus rau hauv qhov tob.
Qhov thib peb paub tsis meej txog qhov txawv txav ntawm cov pob zeb hauv cov pob zeb. Txhua yam mineralsuas crystallize nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm molten magma daim ntawv zoo-txiav muaju. Piv txwv li apatite, zircon, olivine, garnet, ilmenite. Lawv tau nthuav dav hauv kimberlites, tab sis lawv tsis muaj lub ntsej muag crystalline, tab sis zoo li pebbles dej. Txhua qhov kev sim los ntawm geologists los nrhiav cov lus teb rau qhov kev sib cav no tsis muaj dab tsi. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov pob zeb diamond nyob ib sab ntawm cov pob zeb hais tias muaj cov duab zoo tshaj plaws ntawm octahedrons, uas yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov npoo ntse.
thawj lub yeeb nkab kimberlite lub npe yog dab tsi
Thawj qhov ntawm lub cev geological uas tau pom thiab paub los ntawm tib neeg yog nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm African sab av loj hauv xeev Kimberley. Lub npe ntawm thaj chaw no tau dhau los ua lub npe tsev neeg rau txhua lub cev, nrog rau cov pob zeb uas muaj pob zeb diamond. Thawj cov yeeb nkab no yog hu ua "Big Qhov", nws yog suav tias yog qhov chaw txua txiag zeb loj tshaj plaws uas tib neeg tau tsim yam tsis muaj kev siv tshuab. Tam sim no, nws tau tag nrho nws tus kheej thiab yog lub ntsiab attraction ntawm lub nroog. Los ntawm 1866 txog 1914, thawj cov yeeb nkab kimberlite tsim 2,722 micrograms ntawm pob zeb diamond, lossis 14.5 lab carats. Kwv yees li 50 txhiab tus neeg ua haujlwm hauv chaw txua txiag zeb, uas, nrog kev pab ntawm shovels thiab picks, rho tawm txog 22.5 lab tons ntawm av. Lub cheeb tsam kev loj hlob yog 17 hectares, nws ib puag ncig yog 1.6 km, thiab nws qhov dav yog 463 m. Qhov tob ntawm qhov chaw txua txiag zeb yog 240 meters, tab sis tom qab kev khawb av tiav, nws tau npog nrog cov pob zeb pov tseg. Tam sim no, "Lub Qhov Loj" yog lub pas dej cuav nrog qhov tob ntawm tsuas yog 40 meters.
Lub pob zeb diamond loj tshaj plaws
Pob zeb diamond mining nyob rau hauv Russia pib nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem nrog kev tshawb pom nyob rau hauv 1954 ntawm Zarnitsa deposit ntawm tus dej Vilyui, qhov loj ntawm uas yog 32 hectares. Ib xyoo tom qab, ib tug thib ob kimberlite pob zeb diamond yeeb nkab tau pom nyob rau hauv Yakutia, nws tau muab lub npe "Mir". Lub nroog Mirny loj hlob nyob ib ncig ntawm qhov tso nyiaj no. Txog niaj hnub no, cov yeeb nkab kimberlite tau hais tseg (daim duab yuav pab cov neeg nyeem xav txog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov pob zeb diamond no) suav tias yog qhov loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Qhov tob ntawm qhov chaw txua txiag zeb yog 525 meters, thiab txoj kab uas hla yog 1.2 km. Qhib lub pob zeb diamond mining raug txiav tawm hauv xyoo 2004. Ib lub mine hauv av tam sim no tab tom tsim kho rau kuv cov seem seem, uas yog qhov txaus ntshai thiab tsis muaj txiaj ntsig rau kuv. Raws li cov kws tshaj lij, kev txhim kho ntawm cov raj hauv nqe lus nug yuav txuas ntxiv mus yam tsawg kawg 30 xyoo.
History of the Mir kimberlite pipe
Kev txhim kho ntawm qhov tso nyiaj tau ua tiav hauv huab cua hnyav. Txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau permafrost, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau tshuab pob zeb nrog dynamite. Twb tau nyob rau hauv lub 60s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, lub deposit tsim 2 kg ntawm pob zeb diamond ib xyoo, thiab 20 feem pua ntawm lawv sib raug rau lub pov haum zoo thiab, tom qab txiav, tuaj rau cov khw muag khoom hniav nyiaj hniav kub li polished pob zeb diamond. Cov seem tau siv rau kev lag luam. Los ntawm 1957 mus rau 2001, pob zeb diamond tau mined nyob rau hauv lub Mir chaw txua txiag zeb, tag nrho cov nqi ntawm cov uas yog $17 billion. Nyob rau lub sijhawm noLub chaw txua txiag zeb nthuav dav heev uas cov tsheb thauj khoom yuav tsum taug kev 8 mais ntawm qhov chaw mus rau hauv qab ntawm txoj kev kauv. Helicopters, ntawm qhov tod tes, raug txwv nruj kom ya hla cov khoom, txij li lub funnel loj tsuas yog nqus hauv txhua lub dav hlau. Cov phab ntsa siab ntawm cov chaw txua txiag zeb tseem muaj kev phom sij rau kev thauj mus los hauv av thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv mine: muaj kev hem thawj ntawm av. Niaj hnub no, cov kws tshawb fawb tab tom tsim ib qhov project eco-city, uas yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv lub chaw txua txiag zeb. Ua li no, nws yog npaj los npog lub qhov nrog ib tug translucent dome, uas lub hnub ci vaj huam sib luag yuav raug ntsia. Qhov chaw ntawm lub nroog yav tom ntej tau npaj yuav muab faib ua tiers: sab sauv yog rau thaj chaw nyob, nruab nrab yog tsim kom muaj thaj chaw hav zoov, thiab qhov qis dua yuav muaj lub hom phiaj ua liaj ua teb.
Zoo kawg
Pob zeb diamond mining muaj keeb kwm ntev. Raws li kev tso nyiaj tshiab tau tshawb pom thiab tshawb nrhiav tsis txaus, kev coj noj coj ua dhau los ntawm Is Nrias teb mus rau Brazil, thiab tom qab ntawd mus rau South Africa. Tam sim no, Botswana yog tus thawj coj, ua raws li Russia.
