High, tented tuam tsev, pom los ntawm qhov deb, tau dhau los ua qhov tsim nyog tshaj plaws rau kev tsim kho hauv tebchaws Russia. Ntau lub monuments tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no thiab tseem ua rau cov neeg ncig tebchaws xav tsis thoob nrog lawv txoj kev zoo nkauj. Txawm tias thaj tsam ntawm sab hauv tsis tau ua lub luag haujlwm; nyob rau hauv cov hnub qub, hipped tuam tsev tsis tau tsim rau cov neeg coob coob. Lub kaum rau thiab kaum xya centuries ua pov thawj tias yog cov feem ntau fruitful rau cov tsos ntawm nthuav monuments. Piv txwv li, St. Basil's Cathedral (Cathedral ntawm Intercession ntawm Moat) nyob rau hauv Moscow, ntawm Red Square, tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1552 thiab cim lub ntsej muag ntawm lub capture ntawm Kazan. Lwm lub tsev teev ntuj hauv tebchaws Russia tsis tuaj yeem sib tw nrog nws hauv kev zoo nkauj thiab koob meej.
Architecture
Yeej, lawv tau ua txhua yam zoo ib yam. Lub quadrangle ruaj khov, uas ib qho me me octagon tau teeb tsa - kev txhawb nqa rau lub tsev pheeb suab octagonal, qhia siab rau saum ntuj. Txawm li cas los xij, txhua tus kws tsim vaj tsev tau coj qee yam ntawm nws tus kheej rau kev tsim kho, uas yog vim li cas tsis muaj ob lub tuam tsev zoo ib yam. Ingenuity feem ntau qhia nyob rau hauv variations ntawm ntau yam ntsiab lus, nyob rau hauv kho kom zoo nkauj.
Ib yam uas txhua lub tsev pheeb suab khaws cia yog qhov tsis muaj tus ncej, uas yog, tag nrho cov qauv nyob ntawm phab ntsa, yog li ntawddav tents yog xyaum tsis yooj yim sua. Yog li, nws yog vim li no tias lub tsev pheeb suab pob zeb loj heev ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm New Jerusalem Monastery tau tawg. Tom qab ntawd nws tau hloov nrog ib lub teeb ci thiab ua los ntawm cov hlau, thiab lub tuam tsev sawv, txaus siab rau cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig.
Kev txwv tsis pub?
Nyob rau hauv ib puas xyoo cov tuam tsev hipped tau nthuav dav hauv lub tebchaws. Tab sis lub tsev teev ntuj hloov kho ntawm Patriarch Nikon tawg tawm hauv 1653, tom qab ntawd cov style no tau dhau los ua raws li kev txwv. Tsev pheebsuab tsev pheebsuab nyob rau hauv Russia tsis tau tsim. Tej zaum tsis muaj kev txwv ncaj qha rau kev tsim kho. Tab sis qhov tseeb yog tias pob zeb hipped tuam tsev tsis tau tsim tom qab Nikon txoj kev hloov kho. Nyob rau sab qaum teb, cov tsev pheeb suab ntoo txuas ntxiv txhim kho rau ntawm cov tsev teev ntuj me me, thiab tib qho saum toj kawg nkaus ntawm lub tswb pej thuam tseem nrov mus txog rau thaum muaj hnub nyoog ntawm classicism.
Hmoov tsis zoo, qee qhov piv txwv ntawm cov ntoo architecture tau raug khaws cia, hipped ntoo cov tuam tsev, ntxiv rau kev hnav thiab tsim kua muag thiab kev tso tseg tom qab kev tawm tsam, tau ntsib ntau yam kev nyuaj siab thiab yuav luag ploj mus. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj cov Islands tuaj tshwj xeeb hauv lub tebchaws uas khaws cov khoom qub qub. Thaum nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 qhov nrov rov qab mus rau Lavxias teb sab style (nws muab tawm, txawm li cas los xij, pseudo-Lavxias teb sab), hipped architecture zoo li tau rov kho dua. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tsev no txawv heev ntawm lawv cov thawj coj. Lub tuam tsev hipped ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th tau hloov mus ua tsis tuaj yeem rov ua dua, thiab ntau dua yog li thawj cov uas tau tshwm sim thaum tig ntawm lub kaum tsib thiab kaum rau centuries.
kev lig kev cai
Cov tsos ntawm lub tsev pheeb suab ntaub yog feem ntau yog vim qhov tseeb tias cov tsev teev ntuj Lavxias tau tsim feem ntau ua cov monuments rau qee yam xwm txheej. Lub tuam tsev hipped ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th yog ntau thiab ntau dua stretched upwards. Lavxias teb sab tuam tsev architecture tsim precisely los ntawm kev hloov nyob rau hauv vaults. Lub tswv yim hais txog kev sib txuas ntawm cov kab lis kev cai ntawm pob zeb architecture thiab ua ntej - ntoo - tseem tsis tau lees paub thiab tsis muaj tseeb kiag li. Qhov no tuaj yeem txiav txim siab los ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm thawj lub tsev - Lub Koom Txoos ntawm Ascension hauv Kolomenskoye (1532, Vasily III) thiab lub Koom Txoos ntawm Ascension hauv Vologda Posad (1493). Cov no yog cov piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov tuam tsev pob zeb ua hipped.
Ib qho piv txwv nthuav thiab lub Koom Txoos ntawm Kev Sib Koom Tes hauv Medvedkovo, qhov twg hom kev tsim vaj tsev tau qhia meej meej nrog lub tsev pheeb suab hloov lub dome. Lub tuam tsev no zoo ib yam li ntau lub tsev teev ntuj St. Basil's Cathedral ntawm Intercession thiab yog qhov tsim nyog ntawm cov lus piav qhia ntxiv. Lub tsev teev ntuj nto moo tshaj plaws Lavxias teb sab hipped kuj yog tus yam ntxwv: Intercession (yav tas los Trinity) Lub Koom Txoos ntawm Alexander Sloboda (1510), Uglich Church "Divnaya" (1628), Moscow lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Nativity ntawm tus nkauj xwb nyob rau hauv Putinki.
Medvedkovo
Lub tuam tsev no tau ua rau hauv qab daus siab (hauv qab no, Znamenskaya Lub Tsev Teev Ntuj Lub Caij Ntuj Sov), uas tuav tag nrho cov ntim ntawm plaub fab, cov ces kaum uas ua tiav nrog cov khob me me. Nyob rau hauv lub quadrangle muaj ib tug tsis tshua muaj teeb octagon raws li lub hauv paus ntawm ib tug taw tes lub tsev pheeb suab ntaub. Lub proportions ntawm lub quadrangle thiab octagon yog squat, khoom, thiab lub tsev pheeb suab ntaub muab cov qauv ib tug tshwj xeeb kev sib haum xeeb thiab yuav luag ya davhlau, vim hais tias qhov siab ntawm lub tsev pheebsuab yuav luag tshaj tag nrho cov sab ntawm lub tuam tsev. Hauv qab daus, nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm qhov chaw, muaj ob lub tsev teev ntuj sib npaug - cuaj Martyrs thiab SergiusRadonezh.
Los ntawm txoj kev, thawj zaug hauv tebchaws Russia, ib leeg-domed quadrangles ntawm no tau muab plaub lub ru tsev. Lub thaj ib feem ntawm lub tsev, crowned nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb dome, nws muaj nws tus kheej tsis tshua muaj ntau theem muaj pes tsawg leeg vim lub apse qis pawg ntseeg txuas mus rau sab hnub tuaj. Kokoshniks, muab tso rau hauv kab raws tag nrho saum cov phab ntsa ntawm lub quadrangle, nrog rau ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub tsev pheeb suab ntaub thiab lub crowning dome, hais txog lub pyramidal kev tsim kho ntawm lub tsev, nws solemnity, aspiration mus rau lub ntuj thiab kev zoo nkauj uas elevates. tus ntsuj plig. Thiab los ntawm sab hnub poob, lub tuam tsev zoo li tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman ob-tier tswb pej thuam, rov tsim dua xyoo 1840.
History
Lub Sijhawm Teebmeem yuav tshwm sim tau raug cim los ntawm txhua yam kev puas tsuaj ntuj tsim, kev cuam tshuam los ntawm Poles thiab Swedes, yog li lub xeev, kev nom kev tswv thiab nyiaj txiag ntawm lub xeev yog qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws. Lub tuam tsev hipped ntawm Moscow, thiab qhov tseeb tag nrho lub teb chaws, tau xyaum tsis tau tsim. Pob zeb kev tsim kho xws li ceased tag nrho. Tsuas yog nees nkaum-tsib xyoo tom qab, Russia mus txog theem txaus rau kev rov pib dua ntawm pob zeb architecture. Qhov tseeb, tom qab xyoo 1620, cov tuam tsev tau rov ua cov tsev qub qub.
Thiab sai sai no kev hloov pauv ntawm Patriarch Nikon tau ua raws, thaum lub tsev pheeb suab tsev teev ntuj tsis "cuam tshuam rau qib." Nikon nyiam domes nrog peb lossis tsib domes. Nyob rau hauv 1655, thaum lub sij hawm kev tsim kho ntawm lub tuam tsev nyob rau hauv Veshnyaki, raws li kev txiav txim ntawm yawg suab, ob txoj kev tau ua tiav tsis nrog taw tes, tab sis nrog round domes, txawm hais tias qhov project muab rau thawj.
Pillar as a forerunner
Ntawm no ua ntejmuaj kev tsis kam nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj hloov kho los ntawm txhua yam qub thiab nyiam ntawm tus yawg suab ntawm txhua yam Byzantine, nrog rau cov ntoo khaub lig-domed. Thaum lub tsev teev ntuj-ru tsev nyob rau hauv Russia tau ntau reminiscent ntawm Western European Gothic: dynamics, upward striving, ntauwd-zoo li architecture ntawm pillar-puab pawg ntseeg.
Piv txwv li, lub Koom Txoos ntawm Yauhas cov neeg ua kev cai raus dej nyob rau hauv lub zos Dyakovo (Moscow) thiab lub Koom Txoos ntawm Kev Hloov Hloov ntawm tus Tswv nyob rau hauv lub zos Ostrov (cheeb tsam Moscow). Ob leeg tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua kaum rau, ob leeg yog pillar-puab thiab ua ntej lub tsev pheebsuab hom tsev. Lwm qhov piv txwv yog ib lub tsev teev ntuj nto moo tshaj plaws-Tswb yees "Ivan the Great", ua rau kev hwm ntawm John of the Ladder ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Kremlin hauv 1505.
Examples
Kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub tswb pej thuam nrog ib qib ntawm belfries ua ncaj qha saum lub tuam tsev tsis sib haum rau lub hom phiaj ntawm tsev pheeb suab tsev teev ntuj. Muaj ntau ntau yam kev daws teeb meem hauv kev siv ntawm no, kev ywj pheej zoo rau tus kws tsim vaj tsev, thiab tseem, yuav luag ib txwm, cov tuam tsev me me zoo li tau txais.
Piv txwv li, Lub Koom Txoos ntawm Qhov Ncauj Lus ntawm Vaj Ntsuj Plig Dawb Huv (1476, Trinity-Sergius Lavra), Kolomna St. George's Tswb Tower (yav tas los lub Koom Txoos ntawm Archangel Gabriel, 1530), lub Koom Txoos ntawm Simeon tus Stylite (Danilovsky Monastery, Moscow, 1732, ua dua Dawb Huv Rooj vag), ob lub rooj vag tsev teev ntuj nyob rau hauv lub Donskoy Monastery, lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. Sergius ntawm Radonezh (Novospassky Monastery, tswb pej thuam), lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Theodore Stratilates tus Vaj Ntsuj Warrior (Menshikov ntauwd., Moscow, XIX caug xyoo) thiab lwm yam.
Symbols
Pob zeb tsev pheebsuab zoo ib yam li cov ntoo architecture, qhov style no muaj ntau yam los ntawm cov qub txeeg qub tes mus rau niaj hnub no. Nws tshwm sim, txiav txim los ntawm cov keeb kwm, pom tseeb raws li cov qauv ntawm cov ntoo. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias yog vim li cas lub dome tau hloov los ntawm lub tsev pheeb suab thaum lub sij hawm tsim cov tuam tsev ua los ntawm cov ntoo, ces cov pob zeb kev tsim kho tsis tuaj yeem txuas nrog kev tsim kho. Es tsis txhob, nws yog lub siab xav qhia ib yam duab - festivity, striving upward. Tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub xeev, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lub capital, lub elongated silhouettes ntawm ntoo tuam tsev yog qhov xav tau tshaj plaws thiab ib txwm ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb.
Tsev pheebsuab tsev pheeb suab muaj qhov sib sib zog nqus tshaj plaws: nws yog ob qho tib si txoj hauv kev mus rau lub Nceeg Vaj Saum Ntuj Ceeb Tsheej thiab kev sib txuas ntawm ib lub xwmfab (lub ntiaj teb tsim) nrog lub voj voog (lub cim ntawm nyob mus ib txhis). Chetverik - square symbolizing lub ntiaj teb, ib tug octagon - tag nrho cov lus qhia ntawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub cardinal cov ntsiab lus, ntxiv rau yim-taw lub hnub qub raws li ib tug cim ntawm lub Virgin thiab lub yim hnub - lub dawb ceev tooj ntawm lub xyoo pua tuaj. Lub tsev pheeb suab ntaub thaiv lub tuam tsev yog lub khob hliav qab, daim duab ntawm tus ntaiv ntawm yawm txiv Yakhauj, txoj kev mus rau Vajtswv.
Kolomenskoye thiab Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda
Trinity Lub Koom Txoos ntawm Alexander Sloboda (tam sim no Pokrovskaya) - lub tsev teev ntuj palace ntawm Prince Vasily III. Txog hnub tsim kho, muaj kev tsis pom zoo rau lub sijhawm ntev, tab sis cov kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no tau tshaj tawm rau xyoo 1510. Ua ntej no, thawj lub tsev pheeb suab tsev teev ntuj tau raug suav tias yog Ascension Church hauv Kolomenskoye (1532), uas tau tsim los ntawm tib lub Grand Duke.
Ntawm no yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws masterpiece, tab sis nws tsis yog thawj. Ob lub tuam tsev tau ua nyob rau hauv lub sovereign vaj tse lime me courtiers. Tsis tas li ntawd, Voznesenskaya tau los ua ib tug monument nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm yug ntawm tus txais cuab tam - tus yawm Ivan lub txaus ntshai. Tus creator ntawm lub amazing pawg nyob rau hauv Alexander Sloboda yog suav hais tias yog tus kws kes duab vajtse los ntawm ltalis - Aleviz Novy, tus sau ntawm lub Koom Txoos ntawm lub Ascension kuj yog ib tug Italian - Petrok Malaya.
St. Basil's Cathedral
Vim qhov no yog qhov chaw nyiam tshaj plaws tsis yog ntawm Moscow nkaus xwb, tab sis ntawm tag nrho lub tebchaws, lub tuam tsev tented no yuav tsum tau qhia kom meej ntau li ntau tau. Kazan Khanate swb lawm, thiab ib tug monument tau tsim nyob rau hauv kev hwm ntawm qhov no, uas rau hnub no yog lub cim ntawm Russia thiab ib tug unsurpassed architectural monument. Lub Cathedral ntawm Intercession ntawm Moat tau raug tsim kho rau rau xyoo (txij li xyoo 1555) thiab tau hloov mus rau qhov txawv txav, txawm tias tsis zoo nkauj hauv ntiaj teb. Yav dhau los, lub Koom Txoos Trinity thiab ib tug tiv thaiv moat raws tag nrho cov Kremlin nyob rau ntawm no, uas tau sau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1813. Nyob rau hauv nws qhov chaw tam sim no yog ib tug necropolis thiab ib tug mausoleum.
Leej twg yog St. Basil the Blessed, faus nyob ib sab ntawm lub Koom Txoos Trinity, ntawm Red Square? Qhov no yog Moscow dawb huv neeg ruam, tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog lub txiaj ntsim ntawm clairvoyance, uas tau kwv yees ntau yam kev puas tsuaj, suav nrog hluav taws kub loj hauv xyoo 1547, thaum yuav luag tag nrho Moscow hlawv. Ivan tus txaus ntshai nws tus kheej tau hwm thiab ntshai heev ntawm St. Basil lub Foom koob hmoov, uas yog vim li cas lawv faus nws nrog honors thiab nyob rau hauv lub reddest qhov chaw. Tsis tas li ntawd, ib lub tuam tsev tau pw tsis ntev nyob ze, qhov chaw uas cov relics ntawm cov neeg dawb huv clairvoyant tau raug xa mus tom qab, txij li cov txuj ci tseem ceeb tau pib ntawm nws lub ntxa tam sim ntawd tom qab lub ntees tuag - tib neeg tau zoo, rov pom dua, cov ceg tawv pib taug kev, thiab cov neeg tuag tes tuag taw. sawv.
From yim yeej
Kev sib tw Kazan tau pib, thawj zaug xaus rau hauv yeej, feem ntau cov neeg Lavxias nyob rau hauv qhov kev taw qhia no raug kev txom nyem tom qab poob qis. Ivan the Terrible tau cog lus tseg - yog tias Kazan ntog, lub tuam tsev loj tshaj plaws yuav raug tsa rau ntawm Red Square ua lub cim xeeb ntawm kev yeej. Thiab nws ua raws li tej lus cog tseg.
Kev tsov rog tau ntev, thiab kev hwm ntawm txhua qhov kev yeej ntawm Lavxias teb sab riam phom, ib lub tsev teev ntuj me me tau ua nyob ib sab ntawm lub Koom Txoos Trinity hauv kev hwm ntawm cov neeg dawb huv uas nws hnub nws coincided nrog nws muaj. Tom qab txoj kev vam meej rov qab los, Ivan qhov txaus ntshai, es tsis txhob ntawm yim lub tsev teev ntuj tshiab, txiav txim siab los tsim ib lub pob zeb loj - lub npe nrov tshaj plaws, yog li ntawd ntau pua xyoo.
lus dab neeg
Cov neeg tsim lub tuam tsev zoo nkauj tau txais ntau yam dab neeg ntau yam uas tsuas yog tsis tuaj yeem nqa txhua yam ntawm no. Nws yog ib txwm ntseeg hais tias Tsar Ivan qhov txaus ntshai ntiav ob craftsmen: Barma thiab Postnik Yakovlev. Qhov tseeb, nws yog ib tug neeg - Ivan Yakovlevich, los ntawm lub npe ntawm Barma, thiab lub npe menyuam yaus Postnik. Muaj lus dab neeg hais tias tom qab kev tsim kho, tus huab tais ua rau qhov muag tsis pom cov architects kom lawv tsis muaj dua thiab tsis muaj ib qho chaw tsim kom zoo nkauj dua lub tuam tsev no. Ntau npaum li cas ntawm kev kos duab raws li zaj dab neeg no tau sau! Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis yog qhov tseeb.
Muaj cov ntaub ntawv, thiab muaj ntau heev ntawm lawv, uas tom qab lub Cathedral ntawm Intercession no Postnik ua lub Kazan Kremlin. Nws tuaj yeem ua tau zoo nkauj dua, tej zaum, tab sis tsis nyob qhov twg. Tau kawg, tsis yog tib yam li St. Basil's Cathedral, uas yog qhov tshwj xeeb, tab sis kuj yog ib qho zoo nkauj ntawm architecture. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog Postnik txhais tes uas muaj kev xav hauv kev tsim khoAnnunciation Cathedral (Moscow Kremlin), Assumption Cathedral, St. Nicholas Church (Sviyazhsk - ob leeg), txawm lub Koom Txoos ntawm Yauhas Baptist hauv Dyakovo. Tag nrho cov tuam tsev no tau tsim ntau tom qab.
