Leej twg tsim lub Annunciation Cathedral ntawm Moscow Kremlin. Annunciation Cathedral ntawm Kremlin: piav qhia

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Leej twg tsim lub Annunciation Cathedral ntawm Moscow Kremlin. Annunciation Cathedral ntawm Kremlin: piav qhia
Leej twg tsim lub Annunciation Cathedral ntawm Moscow Kremlin. Annunciation Cathedral ntawm Kremlin: piav qhia

Video: Leej twg tsim lub Annunciation Cathedral ntawm Moscow Kremlin. Annunciation Cathedral ntawm Kremlin: piav qhia

Video: Leej twg tsim lub Annunciation Cathedral ntawm Moscow Kremlin. Annunciation Cathedral ntawm Kremlin: piav qhia
Video: Nkauj ntseeg tawm tshiab .....muab fij rau koj tswv ntuj .. 2024, Kaum ib hlis
Anonim

keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm Lavxias teb sab xeev tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv monuments ntawm kos duab, architecture, ntawv nyeem. Lub peev ntawm lub teb chaws loj yog Moscow, nws qhov chaw nruab nrab yog Kremlin, uas niaj hnub no tsis yog tsuas yog lub rooj zaum ntawm tsoomfwv thiab tus thawj tswj hwm, tab sis kuj yog lub tsev khaws puav pheej uas qhia txog txhua yam tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim lub zog loj. Tshwj xeeb hauv nws cov architecture thiab keeb kwm, lub complex tuaj yeem qhia cov neeg tuaj saib ntau yam nthuav. Txhua ntawm nws lub tsev dais ib feem ntawm peb yav dhau los: yees, squares, vaj, tuam tsev ntawm Moscow Kremlin. Lub Annunciation Cathedral yog ib lub tsev qub qub tshaj plaws, cov tsev teev ntuj khaws cia rau hauv nws hnub rov qab mus rau lub sijhawm ntawm kev tsim cov ntseeg hauv tebchaws Russia.

Qhov chaw

Lub chaw ua vaj tsev ntawm Moscow Kremlin yog Cathedral Square. Ob tug zoo kawg nkaus keeb kwm monuments nyob rau hauv nws perimeter. Sab qab teb sab hnub poob ntawm lub square yog nyob ntawm Annunciation Cathedral, uas yog feem ntauhu ua Golden-Domed, nws tau fij rau hauv lub npe ntawm Annunciation ntawm tus nkauj xwb. Lub tuam tsev yog ib tug tshwj xeeb sawv cev ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab architecture, lub hlaws ntawm lub Kremlin. Ntau pua xyoo dhau los keeb kwm ntawm nws lub neej, nws tau rov tsim kho ntau zaus, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog txhua tus neeg sawv cev ntawm huab tais huab tais, tab sis tib lub sijhawm nws tsis poob nws lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb thiab thawj daim ntawv. Txhawm rau txiav txim siab leej twg ua lub Annunciation Cathedral ntawm Moscow Kremlin, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tau xa mus rau keeb kwm ntawm nws cov creation. Nws tau ntseeg tau paub los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm yav dhau los uas thaum kawg ntawm XIV lub tsev teev ntuj nws twb muaj lawm.

Leej twg ua lub Annunciation Cathedral nyob rau hauv Moscow Kremlin
Leej twg ua lub Annunciation Cathedral nyob rau hauv Moscow Kremlin

History

Lub Tsev Teev Ntuj Ntoo ntawm Kev Tshaj Tawm, raws li cov ntaub ntawv tsis tau hais tseg, tau tsim tsa hauv 1290. Raws li cov lus dab neeg, qhov kev txiav txim rau kev tsim kho tau muab los ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Andrei, uas yog tus tub ntawm Alexander Nevsky. Leej twg ua lub Annunciation Cathedral ntawm Moscow Kremlin nyob rau hauv thawj ntoo version yog tsis paub, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th nws muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no. Qhov xav tau kom ntxiv dag zog thiab kho lub tsev teev ntuj tau tshwm sim tom qab Byzantine lub cim ntawm tus Cawm Seej nyob rau hauv Dawb Sacristy raug xa mus rau nws. Nws yog nrog qhov xwm txheej no uas thawj qhov kev hais tawm ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj yav tom ntej txuas nrog. Txog rau hnub no, tsis muaj ntaub ntawv tau los ntawm tus thawj version ntawm lub tsev. Qhov loj me, tus sau lub tsev, kev kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv thiab sab nrauv ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj tseem yog qhov tsis meej uas tsis tuaj yeem nthuav tawm. Txij thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th, kev tsim kho ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj pob zeb pib, uas tom qab ntawd los ua lub npe hu ua Annunciation Cathedral ntawm Moscow Kremlin. Keeb kwm ntawm ntxivKev hloov pauv ntawm lub tuam tsev yog inextricably txuas nrog princely thiab ces tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe kav nyob rau hauv Russia.

XV centuries

Lub tuam tsev tshuav nws qhov kev yug los hauv pob zeb rau Vasily kuv (tus tub ntawm Dmitry Donskoy), nws yog tus uas tau xaj kom tso tsev teev ntuj rau tsev neeg huab tais. Qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb rau kev tsim kho yog nws qhov sib thooj rau cov tsev nyob ntawm cov chav, yog li cov neeg hauv nroog hu ua lub tsev teev ntuj hauv Moscow Kremlin lub tuam tsev Blagoveshchensky "hauv txoj kev". Nyob rau hauv 1405, lub sab hauv kho kom zoo nkauj yog pleev xim los ntawm nto moo Lavxias teb sab icon paintings (F. Grek, A. Rublev). Lub architectural nta ntawm lub tsev tsim, nws tsim qhia lub hwj chim ntawm lub Byzantine style, uas yog muaj zog vim lub tsim ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv nyob rau hauv Russia thaum lub sij hawm ntawd. Tau ntau tshaj 70 xyoo, lub tuam tsev ua haujlwm tsis hloov thiab hauv 1483 raug rhuav tshem los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Ivan III.

Cathedral ntawm Annunciation nyob rau hauv Moscow Kremlin
Cathedral ntawm Annunciation nyob rau hauv Moscow Kremlin

Tsim lub Cathedral

Kev kho dua tshiab ntawm Kremlin cov tsev pib xyoo 1480. Moscow Tub Vaj Ntxwv Ivan III tau caw Italian masters mus ua hauj lwm, tab sis nrog rau cov xwm txheej ntawm restructuring tag nrho cov complex ntawm lub tsev nyob rau hauv lub qub Lavxias teb sab style. Leej twg ua lub Annunciation Cathedral nyob rau hauv Moscow Kremlin? Los ntawm cov annals ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, qhov tseeb yog paub tseeb, uas qhia tau hais tias lub tuam tsev tau tsim los ntawm Lavxias tus kws kos duab. Rau cov hauj lwm no, Pskov architects tau koom nrog, uas, nrog kev pab los ntawm Moscow masters, pib tsim lub tuam tsev nyob rau hauv 1984. Lub hauv paus rau nws yog lub hauv paus qub, piv txwv li lub tsev teev ntuj tau ua tib yam li qub.

Cov tswv Lavxias tau ua haujlwm nyuaj, nws muaj nyob hauvtxhawm rau ua kom haum lub tuam tsev rau hauv lub tsev ntawm Kremlin complex. Los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm ntawm lub xyoo pua XIV, koj tuaj yeem pom cov npe ntawm cov neeg uas tsim lub Annunciation Cathedral nyob rau hauv Moscow, cov no yog cov architects los ntawm Pskov Myshkin thiab Krivtsov. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias cov txuj ci ntawm cov neeg no, ua tsaug rau lawv txoj kev siv zog, Kremlin tau txais lwm lub tsev tshwj xeeb, saturated nrog keeb kwm ntawm lub xeev ntau pua xyoo ntawm nws cov kev pabcuam.

Annunciation Cathedral ntawm Kremlin piav qhia
Annunciation Cathedral ntawm Kremlin piav qhia

Architecture

Hauv xyoo 1489, kev tsim kho ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj tau ua tiav, nws tau teeb pom kev los ntawm Metropolitan Gerontius. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov kab ke kev tsim vaj tsev ntawm Moscow thiab Pskov masters tuaj yeem taug qab hauv lub tsev no. Ib yam li lub tuam tsev uas twb muaj lawm yav tas los, nws muaj ib lub xwmfab thiab tau crowned nrog peb lub taub hau. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ib feem muaj ib tug ncej, los ntawm uas qis arches radiated mus rau txhua phab ntsa. Lub tsev ntoo khaub lig-domed tau nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm cov chav ua yeeb yam. Ib txoj kab ke txuas lub tuam tsev nrog cov tsev nyob hauv Kremlin complex. Lub apse (kaw lub thaj me me recess) nyob rau sab hnub tuaj. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb (kev cai dab qhuas) tsis suav nrog kev siv tswv yim uas Annunciation Cathedral ntawm Kremlin bore. Cov lus piav qhia ntawm lub thaj qhia tias lub xeev cov nyiaj txiag khaws cia hauv qab daus.

Destination

Tus Grand Dukes, thiab tom qab ntawd tag nrho cov tsars Lavxias siv lub Kremlin's Annunciation Cathedral ua lub tsev teev ntuj. Txhua tsev neeg lub cim nco txog (kev cai raus dej, kab tshoob) tau ua nyob rau hauv nws. Tus rector ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj tau los ua tus lees txim ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm Russia, nws lees txim rau nws, pab kos thiab lees paub lub siab nyiam, hauv kev sib tham ntev nws tuaj yeem muab.tswv yim rau vaj ntxwv. Lub Koom Txoos Annunciation khaws cov txiaj ntsig ntawm tsev neeg huab tais (princely) (relics, icons, relics of Saints). Thawj Moscow princes khaws lawv cov nyiaj txiag nyob rau hauv nws. Txhua tus neeg sawv cev tom qab ntawm lub dynasty, tau nce lub zwm txwv, sim txhim kho kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj, ntxiv qee yam ntawm nws tus kheej rau nws cov tsos, tawm hauv kev nco txog nws tus kheej rau cov xeeb ntxwv.

Leej twg ua lub Cathedral ntawm Annunciation nyob rau hauv Moscow
Leej twg ua lub Cathedral ntawm Annunciation nyob rau hauv Moscow

XVI century

Leej twg tsim lub Annunciation Cathedral ntawm Moscow Kremlin uas peb pom niaj hnub no? Cov lus nug tsis yooj yim, lub tsev tau hloov kho ntau zaus vim hluav taws kub hauv Moscow thiab vim muaj kev tsov rog thiab kev hloov pauv. Qhov kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub tuam tsev tau tshwm sim thaum xyoo pua 16th. Basil III thaum lub sij hawm nws kav tau hais kom pleev xim lub tuam tsev "nplua nuj". Cov neeg pleev kob zoo tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia (Theodosius, Fedor Edikeev) tau nyiam rau txoj haujlwm no. Lub ntsiab motifs ntawm lub frescoes tau khaws cia, tab sis cov hniav zoo nkauj thiab cov pob zeb zoo nkauj tshwm sim hauv kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj. Tus naj npawb ntawm domes nce mus rau 9 (lub cim ntawm tus Dawb Huv Theotokos nyob rau hauv ancient Lavxias teb sab ntseeg), txhua tus yog them nrog kub, yog li ntawd lub tsev teev ntuj ua Golden-domed. Kev nkag mus rau sab qab teb, raws li nws tsab cai, tsuas yog npaj rau kev mus xyuas tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe (princely), qhov chaw lawv faib khoom noj thiab so tom qab kev pabcuam.

Ivan tus txaus ntshai

Xyoo 1547, Moscow thiab Kremlin cov tsev tau raug puas tsuaj los ntawm hluav taws kub heev. Lub Annunciation Cathedral tsis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb, yog li Ivan qhov txaus ntshai tau txiav txim kom rov qab ua tiav (ua tau tiag tiag). Xyoo 1564, lub tuam tsev tau tsim tsa, pleev xim rau, dai kom zoo nkauj ntau dua li ntawm nws txiv (Vasily III), thiab teeb pom kev zoo. Lub porches tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog carved portals ua los ntawm cov pob zeb dawb, uas tau ua los ntawm Italian craftsmen. Lub qhov rooj tooj liab dai kom zoo nkauj nrog kub tau ua tshwj xeeb rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Lub iconostasis thiab tha xim ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj, cov phab ntsa thiab txhua kab ntawm lub tuam tsev tau ib nrab recreated. Los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Ivan qhov txaus ntshai, ib lub qab nthab (Grozny) tau ntxiv rau Cathedral ntawm Annunciation, raws li muab nws yog qhov chaw uas tsar pom lub harbinger ntawm nws tuag.

Cathedral ntawm Annunciation nyob rau hauv lub Kremlin Moscow Russia
Cathedral ntawm Annunciation nyob rau hauv lub Kremlin Moscow Russia

keeb kwm niaj hnub

Lub zwm txwv Lavxias tau tuav los ntawm Romanov dynasty, uas tseem khaws thiab dai lub Cathedral ntawm Annunciation. Nws cov keeb kwm tom ntej yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev ceev faj rau cov thaj neeb qub txeeg qub teg ntawm Lavxias teb sab. Lub tuam tsev tau txais kev puas tsuaj loj tshaj plaws nyob rau xyoo 1917; lub plhaub tsoo tau rhuav tshem Grozny qab nthab, uas tsis tau rov qab los. Cov Bolsheviks tau tsiv lub nroog mus rau Moscow thiab tso cov thawj coj ntawm lub tebchaws nyob rau hauv Kremlin. Keeb kwm, kev cai dab qhuas, architectural qhov chaw tshwj xeeb tau dhau los ua tsis tau rau tib neeg. Tsoom fwv tshiab, tom qab ib tug ntev lub sij hawm, qhib lub nkag mus rau lub keeb kwm chaw ntawm lub nroog, tsim lub tsev cia puav pheej ntawm Moscow Kremlin. Lub Cathedral ntawm Annunciation ua haujlwm hauv lub peev xwm no kom txog rau thaum 1993. Niaj hnub no nws yog ib lub tsev teev ntuj qub txeeg qub teg ntawm Orthodoxy nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm peb lub xeev.

architecture Cathedral ntawm Annunciation
architecture Cathedral ntawm Annunciation

Modern architecture

Lub Cathedral ntawm Annunciation tau ua ntau pua xyoo. Nws yeej muaj ob peb lub tsev sib txawv lub sij hawm, uas yog heev harmoniously ua ke thiabtsim ib lub tuam tsev paub txog cov txiv neej niaj hnub zoo li. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th, plaub aisles tau ntxiv rau lub tsev teev ntuj, txhua tus tau crowned nrog lub taub hau, thaum peb ntawm cuaj lub domes tau dai kom zoo nkauj. Qhov chaw sab hauv yog qhov tseem ceeb rau nws qhov me me, txij li lub tsev teev ntuj tau npaj tsuas yog rau cov tsev neeg grand-ducal (vaj ntxwv). Cov architectural style ntawm lub tsev yuav piav raws li qub Lavxias teb sab, nrog Byzantine kab lig kev cai. Kev tsim kho domed tsim cov nyhuv ntawm ntsug txav vim teeb pom kev zoo, Pskov architectural tsev kawm ntawv tuaj yeem taug qab raws li kev kho kom zoo nkauj (square pillars, sprung arches). Moscow craftsmen qhia cov qauv siv ntawm cov phab ntsa thiab cov duab ntawm portals rau hauv cov tsos ntawm lub cathedral. Lub Cathedral ntawm Annunciation yog qhov tshwj xeeb hauv nws cov architecture thiab kev tsim kho keeb kwm.

Iconostasis

Cathedral nyob rau hauv Moscow Kremlin Annunciation
Cathedral nyob rau hauv Moscow Kremlin Annunciation

Cov khoom sau, tshwj xeeb hauv kev muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab hnub nyoog, yog teem rau hauv ob peb theem (kab). Icons ntawm 14th, 15th, 16th centuries, tshwj xeeb relics ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab ntseeg tau nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv lub tuam tsev. Ntawm lawv yog cov haujlwm ntawm Andrei Rublev thiab Theophan Greek, uas tau muaj sia nyob mus txog hnub no. Cov cim qhia txog cov xwm txheej ntawm Khetos lub neej tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 16th, lawv cov nyiaj hli tau ua los ntawm kev txiav txim tshwj xeeb hauv xyoo 1896. Lub iconostasis ntawm lub Cathedral ntawm lub Annunciation yog amazing vim hais tias nws tshuav ib qho chaw rau cov duab ntawm tus huab tais, uas tswj nyob rau hauv ib tug tej lub sij hawm. Tom qab kev tuag ntawm huab tais, lub cim nrog nws cov duab raug xa mus rau Archangel Cathedral thiab muab tso rau ntawm lub ntxa.

Painting

Cov piv txwv qub tshaj plaws ntawm frescoes tau ploj thaum lub sijhawmhluav taws thiab reconstruction ntawm lub cathedral. Niaj hnub nimno painting yog lawv daim ntawv theej, nws yog tsim los ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, uas tau sim qhia cov xim schemes, cov duab thiab lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov phiaj xwm. Qhov xav tsis thoob yog qhov tseeb tias, nrog rau cov kev cai hauv phau npaiv npaum, lub ntsej muag ntawm Lavxias tus thawj coj thiab cov kws tshawb fawb thaum ub tau piav qhia rau ntawm phab ntsa, vaults, txhua kab, qhov no muab qhov tshwj xeeb rau lub monument xws li Annunciation Cathedral ntawm Kremlin. Moscow, Russia tsis muaj ntau yam piv txwv ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj painting. Lub tsev khaws puav pheej no muaj cov haujlwm ntawm kev cai dab qhuas kos duab, uas tsis muaj cov analogues. Daim duab ntawm Annunciation belongs rau feem ntau ancient thiab tsawg hom iconography.

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