Basidiomycetes: hom, kev faib tawm, qauv

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 07:55

Basidiomycetes yog nyob rau hauv chav kawm thib ob ntawm cov kab mob siab dua. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias lawv tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog multicellular mycelium, uas nce mus txog ib qho kev sib txawv, nws muaj ntau haiv neeg. Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm basidiomycetes, qauv thiab nta? Dab tsi muaj nyob hauv pab pawg no?

Kev piav qhia

Basidiomycetes muaj ib tug cwj pwm tsis zoo ntawm haploid mycelium uas tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm germination ntawm basidiospore, nrog rau ib tug diploid theem nrab mycelium, nws yog zoo tsim. Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm cov fungi nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim siab yog basidium. Nws yog tsim los ntawm ib tug binuclear cell. Muaj ib theem zuj zus - kev faib cov nucleus, uas muab faib ob zaug.

Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov chav kawm ntawm cov kab mob siab dua muaj cov kab mob tshwj xeeb - basidia, ntawm lawv - cov neeg sawv cev ntawm peb caug txhiab hom. Ib tug basidia paub tab muaj plaub basidiospores, uas nyob rau ntawm sterigmata. Thaum lawv loj hlob, ib tug haploid mycelium tshwm. Tom qab ntawd cov mycelium sib koom ua ke, cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo lub cev tsim ntawm ib qho ntawm lawv, thiab tom qab ntawd meiosis pib hauv basidia. Nws xaus nrog kev tsim ntawm plaub nuclei, uas dhau musbasidiospores.

Cov nceb no yog dab tsi?

Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm basidiomycetes tuaj yeem ua tau ob qho tib si noj tau thiab lom. Thawj muaj xws li mis nyuj nceb, porcini nceb, boletus. Rau qhov thib ob - daj ntseg grebe, ya agaric. Kuj tseem muaj hom ntawm lawv uas ua rau cov txheej txheem putrefactive hauv ntoo thiab cuam tshuam rau cov qoob loo ua liaj ua teb. Cov qauv ntawm basidiomycetes yog complex, vim lawv siab dua.

Tseem muaj cov kab mob parasitic basidiomycetes. Lawv nthuav dav thiab ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau kev ua liaj ua teb. Ntawm cov nceb no yog xeb thiab smut. Lub tom kawg parasitize rau ntau yam nroj tsuag, stems, paj, nplooj, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, rhuav tshem cov ntaub so ntswg mus rau blackness. Smuts ua rau muaj teeb meem loj rau cov nplej.

Kev faib tawm

Mushrooms Basidiomycetes muab faib ua cov chav kawm raws li lawv cov qauv, sporulation thiab fruiting lub cev. Lawv muab faib ua ob pawg: holobazidiomycetes thiab phragmobasidiomycetes. Thawj yog muab faib ua exobadial, aphyllophoric, agaric thiab Gasteromycetes. Phragmobasidiomycetes muab faib ua:

• hmoob nceb;
• rusty;
• tshiav;
• Auriculariaceae;
• Tulasnell;
• YDacryomycetes.

Hauv plaub qhov kev txiav txim kawg, cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo lub cev muaj gelatinous sib xws. Lawv phragmobasidia muab faib ua plaub lub hlwb. Basidial fungi raug txiav txim siab nyob ntawm seb hom ntawm lawv cov basidia. Muaj ntau tshaj kaum chav kawm nceb, uas suav nrog:

• agaricomycetes;
• xeb nceb;
• uriniomycetes;
• smut;
• ustilaginomycetes;
• exobasidiomycetes;
• tremellomycetes.

Qhov chaw loj hlob, muaj txiaj ntsig zoo

Basidiomycetes feem ntau yog nceb noj tau. Lawv loj hlob nyob rau hauv hav zoov (nyob rau hauv qus), muaj qab saj thiab khoom noj khoom haus khoom. Noj basidiomycetes tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog khoom noj khoom haus tiav. Cov nceb yog dab tsi?

1. Aspen.
2. Russula.
3. Ntsuab nceb.
4. lub mis dub.
5. Champignons.
6. Dawb, lossis boletus.
7. Ntsuab nceb.
8. Boletus thiab ntau lwm tus.

Cep muaj cov ntaub ntawv thiab ntau yam sib txawv hauv cov qauv morphological thiab ecological. Dawb fungus hlob nyob rau hauv spruce groves. Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo lub cev nrog lub hau xim av muaj lub teeb thiab tsaus me ntsis. Nyob rau hauv birch groves muaj lwm yam - ib tug dawb birch nceb nrog lub teeb thiab greyish hau. Koj tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm qhov nyias nyias thiab ntev qia.

Pine nceb boletus loj hlob hauv ntoo thuv hav zoov. Nws muaj ib tug brownish-cherry ceg, luv. Oak nceb hlob nyob rau hauv ntoo qhib hav zoov, feem, nws lub hau yog greyish-xim av. Cov nceb siab dua nyiam cov xuab zeb thiab av nplaum av. Cov no predominate nyob rau hauv deciduous hav zoov. Piv txwv li, lawv suav nrog qej. Nws yog siv ob qho tib si tshiab thiab npaj ua, thiab tseem siv los ua ib qho khoom noj. Nyob rau hauv fruiting lub cev ntawm edible nceb muaj ntau yam tshuaj pab tau rau tib neeg. Cov no yog carbohydrates, rog, proteins.

Mushrooms muaj cov vitamins xws li A, B, C, D, PP. Cov kab dawb muaj ntau cov vitamin C. Mushroom nceb kuj nplua nuj nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb. Nws kuj muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob.

Yim lawv zoo li cas, lub tsev

Muaj kaum rau chav kawm, tsib caug-ob xaj, ib puas thiab xya caum xya tsev neeg, ntau dua ib txhiab genera thiab peb caug txhiab hom basidiomycetes nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb. Lawv feem ntau yog saprotrophs thiab tseem ceeb heev nyob rau hauv lub mineralization ntawm cov organic tebchaw. Kwv yees li ntawm peb caug feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov fungi raug faib ua basidiomycetes. Lawv lub cev vegetative zoo li septate mycelium nrog thiab tsis muaj buckles. Lub cell phab ntsa yog multilayer, nws muaj glucans thiab chitin. Lub septa muaj ib tug complex qauv, muaj dolipore septa.

Qhov txawv ntawm

Basidiomycetes yog cov kab mob ntau lub cev, yog li lawv yog cov siab tshaj plaws. Lawv hyphae yog sib cais los ntawm daim nyias nyias. Raws li hom khoom noj khoom haus, zoo li cov kab mob qis, lawv muab faib ua kab mob thiab saprophytes. Parasitic fungi muaj xws li tinder fungus thiab chaga. Ob hom no muaj nyob rau ntawm cov ntoo, thiab tseem siv rau kev kho mob. Lub ntsiab qhov txawv ntawm cov neeg sawv cev basidial yog lub kaus mom, ib ceg, ib txoj kev ntawm kev loj hlob thiab kev noj haus; lawv mycelium muaj cellular hyphae; muaj chitin. Outwardly, koj yeej ib txwm paub ib tug fungus uas yog complex nyob rau hauv cov qauv. Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ntawm kaus mom nceb, muaj txog yim txhiab hom. Ib txhia ntawm lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv ua noj ua haus. Poisonous nceb feem ntau yog siv rau cov hom phiaj tshuaj, qee yam ua yeeb tshuaj thiabCov tshuaj psychotropic.

Reproduction

Basidiomycetes reproduce vegetatively by fragmentation of the thallus, as well as by mycelium. Yog hais tias peb piv lawv nrog marsupials, ces nyob rau hauv basidial reproduction los ntawm asexual txoj kev tsis yog li ntawd pronounced, nrog rau kev zam ntawm xeb fungi. Kev loj hlob ntawm teleomorph ua tiav nyob rau hauv ob theem: kev sib deev thiab kev tsim ntawm basidioma. Cov txheej txheem kev sib deev hu ua somatogamy, nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov tsis muaj cov kab mob hauv lub cev thiab lub cev. Basidia tau tsim nrog kev koom tes ntawm cov buckle.

siv qhov twg

nquag siv tsis yog tsuas yog noj tau xwb, tab sis kuj tseem noj tsis tau thiab muaj tshuaj lom basidiomycetes. Nyob rau hauv lub fruiting lub cev ntawm lub tom kawg, txaus ntshai tshuaj, tshuaj lom yog tsim. Qhov hnyav tshaj plaws yog muscarine. Muaj ntau ntawm nws nyob rau hauv yoov agaric, dab ntxwg nyoog nceb, daj ntseg grebe. Cov chav kawm ntawm cov neeg sawv cev lom muaj nees nkaum txhiab hom - micromycetes thiab macromycetes.

Cov nceb noj tau suav nrog cov uas tsis muaj cov tshuaj phem uas tsis zoo rau saj. Lawv tuaj yeem txawv los ntawm lawv cov yam ntxwv qab ntxiag nceb aroma. Muaj ntau yog edible txawm nyoos. Qee cov nceb noj tau tsis zoo nkauj heev, tab sis saj iab. Hauv qhov no, kev ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb yog yuav tsum tau (soaking, boiling, drying, s alting). Piv txwv li, morels thiab russula yog boiled rau tsib feeb. Mushroom fungus kuj yuav tsum tau ua.

Cov nceb noj tsis tau yog cov nceb uas muaj cov ntxhiab tsw tsw qab, iab saj, muaj cov khoom tsis zoo hauv cov khoom xyaw. Hauv qhov no, cov khoom tsis zoo yuav tsis raug puas tsuaj los ntawm ib qho twgKev kho cua sov. Inedible nceb yog siv los ua seasoning (tsis tshua muaj heev!), nrog rau kev siv tshuaj.

Lwm chav kawm yog tshuaj lom basidiomycetes. Lawv muaj cov tshuaj lom hauv lawv lub cev uas muaj kev phom sij rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv thiab lub neej. Muaj peb pawg tshuaj lom. Thawj cov neeg sawv cev suav nrog nceb ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv zos (cov nceb caij nplooj ntoos hlav, lub tsho tiv nag cuav, iab russula). Lawv yog insidious nyob rau hauv hais tias lawv adversely cuam tshuam rau lub plab zom mov, lub cev tsis muaj zog. Cov neeg tuag los ntawm cov khoom xa tuaj no tsis tshua muaj.

Pab pawg thib ob ntawm cov nceb lom cuam tshuam rau tib neeg lub paj hlwb. Lawv kuj hu ua hallucinogenic. Cov neeg sawv cev muaj xws li hebelomas, ntuav russula, ya agaric, entolomy.

Pab pawg thib peb yog qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws. Cov nceb, yog tias noj, ua kom lub cev puas tsuaj nrog cov tshuaj lom. Ib tug neeg, txawm nyob rau ob peb hnub, yuav tsis xav tias nws tau raug tshuaj lom, thaum lub hlwb ntawm lub cev twb puas lawm. Ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov tshuaj lom basidiomycetes - daj ntseg grebe, caij nplooj ntoos hlav ya agaric, cobweb thiab lwm yam.