Kev lag luam muaj ntau cov ntsiab lus, cov cai, cov cai, cov qauv, kev xav, thiab cov tswv yim. Tsis muaj lus hais tuaj yeem raug lossis tsis raug. Kev xav ntawm txhua tus kws kho nyiaj txiag qiv nws tus kheej rau kev thuam. Tom qab tag nrho, tsis zoo li kev ua lej, tsuas yog tsis muaj cov cai tseeb, xws li ob npaug ob qhov sib npaug plaub.
Qhov no yog vim muaj ntau yam. Qhov tseem ceeb yog muab zais rau hauv cov khoom ntawm kev tshawb fawb, uas yog xaiv los ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no yog qhov tseem ceeb - kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov ncauj lus ntawm kev lag luam kev sib raug zoo.
Yuav ua li cas to taub qhov no? Qhov zoo rau ib leeg tsis yog ib txwm zoo rau lwm tus. Txhua tus neeg koom nrog hauv kev sib raug zoo hauv kev lag luam muaj nws tus kheej qhov khoom siv ntawm ib qho khoom, khoom, kev pabcuam. Qee tus neeg tsim khoom thiab ib tus neeg siv.
Kab lus no qhia meej txog kev lag luam xav tau, kev thov nkhaus, yam cuam tshuam rau nws qib.
Type of demand
Kev kawm txog kev tshawb fawb xws li kev lag luam ib txwm pib nrog kev piav qhia ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev muab khoom thiab kev thov. Lawv yog cov cuab yeej, paub qhov twg, koj tuaj yeem pib kawm kev lag luam kev sib raug zoo thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov neeg koom nrog kev lag luam.
Yog li, kev thov yog qhov kev xav tau tshaj tawm rau qee qhov kev lag luam zookev sib raug zoo. Piv txwv li, yog tias koj muaj nyiaj rau qhov zoo uas koj xav tau, ces koj twb tsim kev thov rau qhov zoo no.
Tsis tas li ntawd, kev thov nyob ntawm kev lag luam elasticity, uas piav qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov khoom siv thiab kev thov los ntawm tus nqi qib rau cov khoom tsim nyog.
Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, tus kheej, kev lag luam thiab kev xav tau sib sau ua ke raug cais tawm. Lawv txawv ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg koom thiab qhov ntsuas ntawm lub khw.
Yog li, tus neeg thov kev thov yog qhov xav tau rau cov khoom lag luam uas muaj nrog tus neeg yuav khoom. Piv txwv li, yog tias koj xav tau lub thoob dej yug ntses, qhov no yog koj tus kheej xav tau.
Kev lag luam xav tau yog tus nqi lag luam dav dav uas sib txuas ntau qhov kev xav tau ntawm tus kheej. Los ntawm hom kev thov no, qhov kev xav tau rau ib pawg ntawm cov khoom ntawm ib pawg ntawm cov neeg siv khoom tau txiav txim siab. Ntawd yog, piv nrog thawj hom, qhov no yog lub tswvyim dav dua uas tsis yog nyob ntawm ib qho kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev lag luam, tab sis ntawm tag nrho pawg.
Aggregate xav tau yog cov lej ntawm txhua qhov kev xav tau hauv zos uas muaj nyob hauv ib lub khw tshwj xeeb. Peb tuaj yeem hais tias nws ua rau txhua yam kev xav tau ntawm kev lag luam kev sib raug zoo rau ntau yam khoom, tab sis nyob rau hauv dav hlau ntawm ib lub lag luam, uas yog, kev lag luam ua lag luam xav tau.
Kev xav nkhaus. Txoj Cai Ntawm Kev Thov
Cov kws tshawb fawb siv cov cai lij choj los qhia txhua lub tswv yim, muab cov qauv thiab kos duab kos duab. Kev thov nws tus kheej tau piav qhia tib yam.
Raws li txoj cai ntawm kev thov, qhov kev xav yog xav tias tus nqi qis ntawm cov khoom, qhov ntau units nws muajtuaj yeem muag ceteris paribus. Qhov kev xav zoo nkaus li plausible nkaus xwb thaum xub thawj siab ib muag, tab sis nws yog nws uas tso cai rau koj ua thawj kauj ruam hauv kev txheeb xyuas nyiaj txiag ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev thov hauv khw.
Yog peb suav daws xav li cas rau qhov elasticity ntawm kev thov, ces txoj cai yuav tsis raug kiag li, tab sis peb yuav tham txog qhov no tom qab.
Cov cuab yeej twg tuaj yeem siv los txheeb xyuas kev lag luam xav tau? Qhov kev thov nkhaus yog siv los pom cov txiaj ntsig tau los ntawm kev sau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev thov rau cov khoom thiab cov kev pabcuam. Nws yog daim duab uas tau muab tso ua ke raws li cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg ntawm qib kev thov nyob ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov khoom.
Piv txwv li, peb muaj cov ntaub ntawv hauv qab no:
| kev pabcuam tus nqi, c.u. (P) | demand level, c.u. (q) |
| 11 | 25 |
| 15 | 22 |
| 20 | 21 |
| 25 | 16 |
Cia peb xav txog tias cov lus saum toj no qhia txog qee yam kev xav tau ntawm kev lag luam. Qhov kev thov nkhaus yuav zoo li no:
Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, qhov kev thov tsis yog ncaj qha nyob ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov khoom, tab sis yog sawv cev los ntawm kab nkhaus. Ib yam li ntawd, txhua qhov kev lag luam xav tau tuaj yeem ua duab kos duab. Qhov kev thov nkhaus ib txwm qhia tus nqikev vam khom rau cov kev xav tau ntawm cov chaw lag luam.
xav sib npaug
Nws tuaj yeem pom tias txhua tus nqi sib haum rau nws tus kheej qib ntawm kev thov. Hauv kev lag luam, cov kws tshawb fawb muaj peev xwm piav qhia txhua qhov tshwm sim uas siv cov qauv tshwj xeeb. Yuav ua li cas siv qhov no rau peb cov khoom tshawb fawb?
Kev lag luam xav tau nkhaus qhia saum toj no tuaj yeem piav qhia siv tus qauv tshwj xeeb. Siv nws, koj tuaj yeem yooj yim thiab txhua lub sijhawm nrhiav seb qhov kev thov ntau npaum li cas yuav hloov pauv nrog cov kev hloov pauv tshwj xeeb.
Qhov no yog cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb heev rau cov thawj coj muag khoom (cov thawj coj), cov thawj coj ua lag luam ntawm txhua lub lag luam, cov tuam txhab, cov tuam txhab muag khoom muag. Tom qab tag nrho, hauv kev ua lag luam feem ntau muaj kev sib tw, thiab hauv kev nrhiav cov txiaj ntsig, tsis txhob hnov qab tias qhov kev thov tuaj yeem hloov pauv.
Kev lag luam xav tau nkhaus sib npaug tuaj yeem sawv cev raws li hauv qab no:
Р=x - yq, where:
x, y - cov kev ntsuas uas tau txais los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas lub xeev ntawm kev ua lag luam. "x" yog tus nqi theem ntawm qhov kev thov yuav sib npaug rau 0. Tib lub sijhawm, "y" yog lub luag haujlwm rau qib ntawm txoj kab nqes ntawm txoj kab nkhaus txheeb ze rau qhov axis. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias qhov sib txawv thib ob txiav txim siab qhov kev siv zog uas qhov kev thov hloov pauv nyob ntawm tus nqi hloov pauv.
Daim duab tuaj yeem siv tau
Kev siv qhov sib npaug no hauv kev xyaum, nws pom tseeb tias kev lag luam xav tau nkhaus qhia tau hais tias qhov ntim ntawm cov khoom muag yuav txo qis thaum lawv cov nqi nce. Tau kawg, koj yuav tsum tau saib rau qhov xwm txheej thaum kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm tus nqi siab tshaj plaws nrog qhov loj tshaj plawsmuag ntim ntawm cov khoom. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no nws yuav muaj peev xwm hais tias lub tuam txhab tau txais cov nyiaj tau los siab tshaj plaws los ntawm nws cov haujlwm.
Yog li, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm txoj cai ntawm kev thov yog khaws cia: tus nqi P qis dua, cov khoom tuaj yeem yuav ntau dua. Tab sis qhov ntawd tsuas yog hauv qhov tshwj xeeb no. Dab tsi tuaj yeem cuam tshuam qhov xwm txheej?
Elasticity yog qhov cuam tshuam rau kev thov
Elasticity ntawm kev thov yog qhov ntsuas uas tso cai rau koj los txiav txim siab qib ntawm kev vam khom ntawm cov neeg siv khoom ntawm tus nqi lossis qib nyiaj tau los ntawm cov neeg yuav khoom rau cov khoom lossis kev pabcuam.
Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, cia peb saib ze dua ntawm tus nqi elasticity ntawm kev thov.
hom elasticity
Nyob ntawm tus qauv thiab hom kev lag luam tus qauv rau kev tsim kev lag luam kev sib raug zoo, cov kev thov hauv qab no tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv:
- Nyob zoo ib tsoom phooj ywg.
- YElastic.
- Ib nrab elastic.
- Inelastic.
- Tag nrho inelastic.
thawj hom kev ntsuas txhais tau hais tias cov khoom lag luam tsis zoo rau cov neeg yuav khoom, nws muaj ntau yam hloov pauv lossis cov analogues, uas txhais tau hais tias qhov kev thov yuav hnov mob rau tus nqi hloov pauv. Nws tseem tuaj yeem hais tias tsuas muaj tus nqi lees txais rau qhov zoo uas yuav muaj kev thov rau nws.
Hom thib ob hais tias tus nqi hloov pauv tsawg dua qhov kev hloov pauv hauv kev thov. Qhov no feem ntau tshwm sim thaum cov khoom nyob zekhoom kim heev.
Nrog ib nrab elasticity, kev lag luam xav tau nkhaus qhia tau tias kev thov hloov pauv ntawm tus nqi. Ntawd yog, ntawm daim ntawv qhia ib tus tuaj yeem saib txoj kab ncaj nraim uas yuav hla ob lub axes ntawm tib qhov deb ntawm lawv qhov pib.
Kev thov tsis yog nyob ntawm tus nqi nkaus xwb
Tom ntej, inelastic thov. Feem ntau nws tuaj yeem pom hauv khw rau cov khoom uas tib neeg siv txhua hnub. Nws tuaj yeem yog xab npum, ntawv tso quav tso quav, rab chais hniav, thiab lwm yam. Ntawd yog, cov pab pawg ntawm cov khoom lag luam uas cov neeg siv khoom xav tau tiag tiag, thiab lawv tau npaj them nyiaj ntau dua rau lawv.
Nws tseem tuaj yeem yog cov khoom lag luam uas tau nthuav tawm hauv kev lag luam hauv qhov nqaim, thiab muaj cov khoom hloov pauv me me rau nws.
Qhov kawg uas yuav tsum xav txog yog qhov kev xav tau zoo kawg nkaus. Hauv qhov no, kev lag luam xav tau nkhaus qhia tau hais tias qhov xwm txheej uas qhov kev thov rau qhov zoo tsis nyob ntawm nws tus nqi. Ntawm daim duab, qhov no tuaj yeem pom raws li kab sib npaug rau tus nqi axis.
Qhov no yog qhov tshwm sim thaum lub khw muag khoom tseem ceeb tau tshawb nrhiav. Lawv tuaj yeem yog: tshuaj, khoom siv kho mob, qee pawg khoom noj (khoom noj, dej, thiab lwm yam), cov khoom siv hluav taws xob (hluav taws xob, dej, roj), thiab lwm yam.
Dab tsi cuam tshuam rau kev thov?
Tus kheej thiab kev lag luam xav tau nkhaus pab txheeb xyuas kev yuav khoom thiab nrhiav tus nqi zoo tshaj plaws / ntim piv.
Daim duab saum toj no qhiadependence ntawm theem ntawm kev thov ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov khoom. Tab sis nws tsim nyog sau lwm yam uas cuam tshuam rau kev thov. Cov npe tag nrho yog hauv qab no:
- Vim tus nqi ntawm cov khoom txaus siab.
- Hloov pauv tus nqi ntawm cov khoom hloov lossis cov khoom siv.
- Lub zog ntawm cov neeg siv khoom (cov nyiaj tau los).
- Nyob zoo ib tsoom phooj ywg.
- Seasons.
- Kev hloov pauv hauv kev lag luam (piv txwv li, lus xaiv ntawm kev kub ntxhov, kev nce nqi, thiab lwm yam).
Yuav ua li cas qhov kev thov nkhaus yuav coj li cas hauv cov xwm txheej no?
Cov kev lag luam sib sau ua lag luam yuav hloov mus rau sab xis raws li x-axis hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no:
- kev loj hlob ntawm tus nqi hloov khoom;
- khoom pheej yig dua;
- nce nyiaj tau los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom;
- kev tshaj tawm kev tshaj tawm tau loj dua;
- lub caij siv cov khoom siv tau los;
- lus xaiv ntawm kev nce nqi ntawm cov khoom.
Qhov xwm txheej rov qab yuav raug pom yog tias:
- khoom hloov pauv tau pheej yig dua;
- khoom ua nqi kim dua;
- txo cov nyiaj tau los ntawm cov neeg yuav khoom;
- Cov khoom no tsis suav tias yog fashionable, niaj hnub.
Tseeb, muaj ntau yam cuam tshuam rau qib ntawm kev thov, thiab nws tuaj yeem suav tau yooj yim siv cov qauv tsim nyog thiab daim duab.
Thaum qoj ib cekev tsom xam, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab tias kev ua lag luam tsis nyob twj ywm thiab hloov zuj zus mus tas li, yog li nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los siv cov kev xav tau nkhaus, nrog rau kev tshawb fawb hauv dynamics.
