Italian humanist thiab philosopher Lorenzo Valla: biography, creativity

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Italian humanist thiab philosopher Lorenzo Valla: biography, creativity
Italian humanist thiab philosopher Lorenzo Valla: biography, creativity

Video: Italian humanist thiab philosopher Lorenzo Valla: biography, creativity

Video: Italian humanist thiab philosopher Lorenzo Valla: biography, creativity
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Lorenzo Valla (1407-1457) yog ib tug neeg Italian humanist, rhetorician, hloov kho, tus kws qhia ntawv thiab cov kws tshawb fawb qub. Nws tau tawm tswv yim humanistic rau kev hloov kho lus thiab kev kawm. Kev paub dav dav hauv kev paub lus Latin thiab Greek lus tau tso cai rau nws ua qhov kev soj ntsuam zoo ntawm qee cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj thiab ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov dab neeg thiab kev ua yuam kev nyob ib puag ncig lawv. Valla tau qhia tias lub txiaj ntsim ntawm Constantine, feem ntau hais txog kev txhawb nqa ntawm papacy ib ntus, yog qhov tseeb.

Lorenzo Valla: koj puas xav tau ntau tus thwjtim?
Lorenzo Valla: koj puas xav tau ntau tus thwjtim?

Kev sib cav

Kev ntseeg tias Aristotle yuam kev thiab cuam tshuam kev txhim kho ib puag ncig thiab kev siv tswv yim zoo, Valla feem ntau tawm tsam cov kws tshawb fawb uas ua raws Aristotle cov lus qhia rau kev sib cav thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb. Nws lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog los tsim cov lus qhia tshiab ntawm kev xav txog kev xav, thiab tsis yog tsim nws lub tsev kawm ntawv lossis cov txheej txheem. Nws treatise On Pleasure (1431) ua ke cov Epicurean thiab Christian hedonistic tswv yim hais tias kev ntshaw rau kev zoo siab yog ib qho kev txhawb zog rau tib neeg tus cwj pwm. Walla kuj tiv thaiv txoj kev ntseeg ntawdkev ywj pheej tuaj yeem ua ke nrog txoj hmoo tau kwv yees los ntawm Vajtswv, tab sis nws tau hais tias lub tswv yim no dhau ntawm kev txwv ntawm tib neeg kev txawj ntse thiab yog li ntawd yog qhov teeb meem ntawm kev ntseeg, tsis yog kev paub txog science. Ntau tus neeg xav txog lub tswv yim tau qiv thiab tsim los ntawm lwm tus neeg xav txog Kev Hloov Kho.

Qhib kev thuam tau coj mus rau ntau tus yeeb ncuab; ob peb lub sij hawm tus philosopher Lorenzo Valla nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no txaus ntshai. Nws cov lus qhuab qhia hauv Latin maj mam tau txais kev mloog thiab yeej nws txoj hauj lwm hauv Vatican - ib qho kev tshwm sim hu ua "kev yeej ntawm tib neeg txoj kev ntseeg ntawm orthodoxy thiab kev lig kev cai".

Lub neej thiab kev kos duab
Lub neej thiab kev kos duab

Lub neej thiab kev ua haujlwm

Lorenzo yug nyob ib ncig ntawm 1407 hauv Rome, Ltalis. Nws txiv, Luca della Valla, yog tus kws lij choj ntawm Piacenza. Lorenzo kawm hauv Rome, kawm Latin raws li kev coj ua ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv zoo - xibfwb Leonardo Bruni (Aretino). Nws kuj tau mus kawm hauv University of Padua. Nyob rau hauv 1428, lub neej yav tom ntej philosopher sim mus ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug papal diplomat, tab sis nws candidacy raug tsis lees paub vim nws tseem hluas. Nyob rau hauv 1429 nws raug muab los qhia rhetoric nyob rau hauv Padua, thiab nws txais. Nyob rau hauv 1431, lub treatise "Nyob rau Pleasures" tau luam tawm. Ib me ntsis tom qab, ib txoj hauj lwm tau luam tawm, ua tsaug rau qhov uas txawm tias tam sim no txoj haujlwm ntawm Lorenzo Valla tab tom kawm hauv cov tsev kawm qib siab - "Rau Qhov Zoo thiab Tsis Zoo". Nyob rau hauv 1433, nws raug yuam kom tso nws tus xibfwb: Valla luam tawm tsab ntawv qhib uas nws tau qhib siab rau tus kws lij choj Bartolo thiab thuam txoj kev kawm txuj ci.jurisprudence.

Tshuaj Sijhawm

Valla mus rau Milan, ces mus rau Genoa; sim mus ua haujlwm dua hauv Rome thiab thaum kawg tau mus rau Naples, qhov chaw nws pom qhov chaw ua haujlwm zoo ntawm lub tsev hais plaub ntawm Alfonso V, uas tau txhawb nqa tus tswv zoo ntawm tus cwj mem thiab paub txog nws txoj kev hlub ntawm ntau dhau. Alfonso tau tsa nws nws tus kheej tus tuav ntaub ntawv thiab tiv thaiv Lorenzo los ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm nws cov yeeb ncuab ntau. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv 1444 Valla pom nws tus kheej mus sim ua ntej Inquisition, vim hais tias nws tau tshaj tawm cov kev xav tias cov ntawv nyeem ntawm "Apostles' Creed" tsis tau sau los ntawm txhua tus ntawm kaum ob tug thwj tim. Thaum kawg, Alfonso tswj kom xaus kev sib ntaus sib tua raws cai thiab cawm nws tus tuav ntaub ntawv los ntawm kev poob cev qhev.

Lorenzo Valla humanism
Lorenzo Valla humanism

Xyoo 1439, muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm Alfonso thiab papacy - qhov teeb meem yog thaj chaw ntawm Naples. Lorenzo Valla tau sau ib tsab ntawv thov tias kev pub dawb ntawm Constantine, uas txhawb nqa txoj cai papal, qhov tseeb yog cov ntawv cuav. Hauv nws tsab ntawv, Valla tau hu rau cov neeg Loos kom tawm tsam, thiab lawv cov thawj coj los tawm tsam Pope kom tsis txhob muaj hwj chim, vim nws yog tag nrho cov muaj hwj chim papacy, nyob rau hauv nws lub tswv yim, uas yog lub hauv paus ntawm tag nrho cov kev phem los ntawm uas. Ltalis raug kev txom nyem thaum lub sijhawm ntawd. Tshaj tawm xyoo 1440, cov ntawv sau tau ua kom ntseeg tau tias tag nrho cov pej xeem tsis ntev los no tau lees paub qhov cuav ntawm lub txiaj ntsim ntawm Constantine.

Kev yug ntawm keeb kwm thuam

Nyob hauv Naples, Valla, uas nws lub neej thiab kev ua haujlwm tseem txuas nrogkev tshawb fawb philological, aroused lub npau taws ntawm cov ntseeg los ntawm doubting qhov tseeb ntawm ntau lwm yam kev cai dab qhuas ntawv ntawm tsis paub keeb kwm, thiab kuj hu mus rau lo lus nug txog qhov yuav tsum tau rau ib tug monastic txoj kev ua neej. Nyob rau hauv 1444, nws nqaim dim ntawm inquisitorial tribunal, tab sis qhov txaus ntshai tsis silence tus philosopher. Nws tau mus thuam "vulgar" (colloquial) Latin thiab liam Saint Augustine ntawm heresy. Tsis ntev nws tau tshaj tawm txoj haujlwm "Ntawm kev zoo nkauj ntawm cov lus Latin." Cov ntawv no yog thawj qhov kev tshawb fawb tiag tiag, tsom ntsoov rau Latin lus Askiv, thiab tau luam tawm nrog kev txhawb nqa los ntawm tus kws qhia yav dhau los Lorenzo. Feem ntau cov ntawv sau suav hais tias ua haujlwm yog qhov ua rau muaj kev npau taws thiab da dej thuam ntawm tus kws kho mob. Valla tau tshaj tawm nws cov lus teb tsis txaus ntseeg rau cov lus hais tsis zoo hauv kev sau ntawv tshiab, tab sis ntau cov ntaub ntawv tau ua rau nws lub koob npe tsis zoo hauv Rome.

hais txog kev zoo nkauj
hais txog kev zoo nkauj

pib tshiab

Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Pope Eugene IV thaum Lub Ob Hlis 1447, Lorenzo rov mus rau lub nroog, qhov chaw uas nws tau txais kev sov siab los ntawm Pope Nicholas V, uas tau ntiav ib tug tib neeg los ua ib tug tubtxib saum ntuj thiab hais kom nws txhais ua Latin tej hauj lwm. ntawm ntau tus kws sau ntawv Greek, suav nrog Herodotus thiab Thucydides. Kev lees txais ntawm Walla hauv Rome tau raug hu los ntawm cov neeg kawm "kev vam meej ntawm tib neeg txoj kev ntseeg ntawm kev ntseeg thiab kev coj noj coj ua".

Ideas and essays

Lorenzo Valla, uas nws biography yog zoo li ib tug taug txuj kev nyuaj tshiab, tau poob rau hauv keeb kwm tsis yog tsuas yog ib tug kws tshawb fawb thiab philologist, tab sis raws li ib tug pib ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm xws li.literary method li kev thuam. Nws ua ke cov cwj pwm ntawm ib tug neeg txawj ntse, ib tug neeg thuam thuam thiab tus kws sau ntawv venomous. Valla cov ntawv sau yog tsom rau kev tsim cov tswv yim tshiab thiab tam sim no tsis paub tam sim no ntawm kev xav ntawm kev xav - nws tsis tau txhawb nqa ib qho kev xav txog kev xav. Nws tau siv nws txoj kev paub ntau yam ntawm Latin thiab Greek kev paub lus los ua tib zoo kawm cov ntawv ntawm Phau Tshiab thiab lwm cov ntaub ntawv kev ntseeg uas tau siv los ntawm pawg ntseeg los txhawb nws cov lus qhuab qhia. Yog li, Valla tau qhia txog qhov tshiab radically rau lub zog ntawm tib neeg - kev tshawb fawb. Ntau yam ntawm nws lub tswv yim tau txais los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm Lub Sijhawm Hloov Kho, tshwj xeeb yog Martin Luther King Jr. muaj nuj nqis heev rau Valla qhov kev ua tau zoo.

Lorenzo Valla ntawm qhov tseeb thiab tsis tseeb qhov zoo
Lorenzo Valla ntawm qhov tseeb thiab tsis tseeb qhov zoo

Ua haujlwm

Cov hauj lwm nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm tib neeg, tsis muaj qhov tsis ntseeg, tseem yog txoj kev tshawb fawb "Rau cov lus Latin zoo nkauj", uas tiv taus yuav luag rau caum xyoo ntawm 1471 thiab 1536. Ntawm Kev Txaus Siab, luam tawm xyoo 1431, yog ib qho kev kawm zoo ntawm Stoic, Epicurean, thiab hedonistic ethics. "Kev xav txog kev dag ntxias ntawm lub txiaj ntsim ntawm Constantine" (1440) tsim lub hauv paus ntawm kev ntseeg dav dav hauv kev dag ntawm cov ntawv nyeem uas paub txog kev ntseeg. Feem ntau ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb ua haujlwm tau luam tawm raws li sau ua haujlwm hauv 1592 hauv Venice.

Kev ncaj ncees

philosopher Lorenzo Valla
philosopher Lorenzo Valla

Cov lus cog tseg "Nyob rau Kev ywj pheej" tau sau rau hauv peb phau ntawv hauv daim ntawv ntawm polyloguentawm Leonardo Bruni (Arentino), Antonio Beccadelli thiab Niccolo Niccoli ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Arentino sib cav hais tias, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nws yog tsim nyog los nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog xwm. Beccadelli txhawb nqa Epicureanism, sib cav tias kev txwv tsis pub tawm tsam qhov xwm txheej thiab qhov kev ntshaw rau kev txaus siab tsuas yog yuav tsum tau txwv thaum nws tiv thaiv kev ua tiav ntawm kev txaus siab ntau dua. Niccoli tawm tsam ob tus neeg hais lus, tshaj tawm lub hom phiaj ntawm Christian hedonism, raws li qhov zoo tshaj plaws yog kev zoo siab nyob mus ib txhis, uas tsuas muaj nyob rau hauv dynamics (nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, txoj kev rau kev zoo siab yog kev zoo siab). Niccoli hu ua tus yeej hauv qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb, tab sis Beccadelli muab cov lus sib cav zoo heev hauv kev pom zoo ntawm nws qhov kev xav - thiab yog li nws tsis paub meej tias leej twg ntawm cov neeg sib cav Lorenzo Valla nws tus kheej txhawb nqa. Cov lus qhuab qhia no muaj kev thuam thuam ntawm scholasticism thiab monastic asceticism, thiab yog li ntawd nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm ua rau tus cwj pwm phem heev rau tus sau.

Latin style

Txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua kaum plaub, tib neeg pib kawm cov ntawv qub qub ntawm cov qub txeeg qub teg hauv kev sim ua kom lub siab ntawm Greco-Roman lub sijhawm. Lorenzo Valla, uas nws cov tib neeg xav txog hauv nws cov ntawv sau tseem ceeb, tau nqis peev ntau rau hauv kev ua haujlwm tsis tau pom dua "Ntawm Kev Zoo Nkauj ntawm Cov Lus Latin", uas nws tau txheeb xyuas cov qauv ntawm Latin cov qauv sau ntawv nrog rau cov kev cai stylistic thiab cov cai ntawm rhetoric. Nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv no, Valla tau sib piv cov qauv zoo nkauj ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv Roman thaum ub (xws li Cicero thiab Quintilian) nrog rau qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm medieval thiab ecclesiastical Latin.

Lorenzo Valla thaum yau Story ntxiv Untold Biography Tseeb
Lorenzo Valla thaum yau Story ntxiv Untold Biography Tseeb

Feem ntau ntawm Valla cov neeg kawm tiav, cov neeg sau ntawv nto moo, tau coj txoj haujlwm no ua kev thuam tus kheej, txawm hais tias tus kws tshawb fawb tsis tau hais txog cov npe tshwj xeeb hauv nws phau ntawv. Vim li no, Lorenzo Valla tau ua rau ntau tus yeeb ncuab, tab sis cov ntawv sau "Ntawm Kev Zoo Nkauj …" pib tag nrho lub zog los txhim kho cov qauv ntawm cov lus Latin. Undoubtedly, nws txoj hauj lwm yog invaluable; nyob rau tiam kaum tsib nyob deb, lawv tau nyob deb ua ntej ntawm lawv lub sijhawm thiab ua lub hauv paus rau kev tsim cov radically tshiab philosophical tam sim no thiab cov txheej txheem sau ntawv.

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