Marginal tus nqi hloov pauv - nws yog dab tsi? Marginal tus nqi hloov ntawm kev ua haujlwm los ntawm peev

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 07:52

Nyob hauv lub neej, txhua yam yuav tsum xaiv. Mus rau kev ua las voos lossis gym, hnav tiab lossis ris tsho (nws yooj yim dua rau cov txiv neej), yuav yogurt lossis tsev cheese khoom qab zib? Tag nrho cov txheej txheem no tau pom ntev los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij los ntawm ntau qhov kev lag luam: sociologists, psychologists, marketers thiab economists xwb.

Nyob rau hauv microeconomics, muaj ib txoj kev xav txog qhov marginal tus nqi hloov. Los ntawm kev txhais, qhov no yog qhov ntau ntawm cov khoom ntawm ib hom uas tus neeg yuav khoom yuav pom zoo muab tso rau hauv kev nyiam ntawm kev yuav lwm yam khoom. Wb tham tsis meej pem txog qhov tshwm sim no.

Vim li cas microeconomics?

Txhais los ntawm Greek "microeconomics" - cov no yog cov cai ntawm kev tu vaj tse "tsev me". Cov teeb meem ntawm kev tsim khoom, kev siv thiab kev xaiv ntawm cov peev txheej los ntawm kev lag luam ntawm ntau hom kev ua tswv cuab thiab yooj yim los ntawm tsev neeg yog qhov kev txaus siab ntawm microeconomics.

Qhov kev tshawb fawb no yog theoretical, tab sis nws tso cai rau peb piav qhia yuav luag txhua yam kev lag luam uas tshwm sim hauv zej zog.

thaj chaw tseem ceeb ntawm kev txaus siabmicroeconomics hu ua:

• Teeb meem ntawm cov neeg siv khoom.

• Qhov teeb meem ntawm tus tsim khoom.

• Teeb meem ntawm kev lag luam sib npaug.

• pej xeem zoo txoj kev xav.

• Teeb meem ntawm kev cuam tshuam sab nraud.

Lub tswvyim ntawm "marginal npaum li cas ntawm kev hloov ntawm cov khoom" hais meej meej rau thaj tsam ntawm cov teeb meem ntawm microeconomics thiab tso cai rau koj los teb cov lus nug uas tshwm sim.

Utility theories

Txoj kev xav ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob ntawm cov khoom lag luam hais tias los ntawm kev yuav txhua chav ntawm cov khoom, tus neeg siv khoom txaus siab rau nws cov kev xav tau. Thiab qhov ntawd txhais tau tias koj tau zoo siab me ntsis. Qhov kev ntshaw ntawm txhua tus kws tshaj lij hauv ntiaj teb yog qhov kawg txhawm rau ua kom tib neeg muaj kev zoo siab dua.

Tam sim no, muaj cov kev xav ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob: cardinal thiab ordinal. Thawj qhov xav tias kev siv hluav taws xob ntawm kev siv cov khoom siv tuaj yeem suav tau. Qhov kev xav no qee zaum hu ua quantity utility theory. Cov neeg tawm tswv yim sib cav hais tias qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev siv cov khoom yog ntsuas hauv ib chav tsev - pov tseg.

Qhov thib ob, tus thawj tswj hwm, lossis tus txheeb ze txoj kev xav ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob, hais tias tus neeg siv khoom sib piv cov txiaj ntsig (kev siv hluav taws xob) ntawm kev siv ib qho zoo nrog tib qhov txiaj ntsig los ntawm kev siv lwm tus. Hais lus ntxhib, txhua zaus peb xaiv ntawm ib khob kas fes nrog lub khob lossis Coke nrog hamburger, peb txiav txim siab qhov twg yuav coj tau txiaj ntsig ntau dua rau lub sijhawm no. Nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm tus txheeb ze txoj kev xav ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob, qhov marginal tus nqi hloov pauv tau tshwm sim.

Definition

Txhua yam hauv ntiaj teb sib zog sib npaug. Peb xaiv cov khoom yogkev zam. Yuav ib yam, peb txhob txwm tsis kam lwm tus. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, peb paub tseeb tias yam khoom yuav ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua li cov khoom seem ntawm lub txee. Qhov marginal tus nqi hloov ntawm cov khoom muab rau peb nkag siab txog ntau npaum li cas ib co "cov khoom" tseem ceeb dua lwm tus. Tau kawg, peb txhua tus muaj peb tus kheej nyiam thiab qhov tseem ceeb. Tab sis xws li ib tug subjective sawv cev tsis haum rau economics. Yuav tsum muaj txoj hauv kev dav dav.

Tus nqi hloov pauv yog sib npaug rau qhov piv ntawm qhov hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom siv. Cov mis no yog sau raws li nram no: MRS=(y₂ - y₁) / (x₂ - x₁).

Hloov pauv kev noj (siv) ntawm cov khoom X thiab Y tso cai rau peb los txiav txim siab txog cov neeg siv khoom nyiam, nrog rau tham txog tus nqi ntawm cov khoom. Qhov tsuas yog qhov uas tuaj yeem ntsuas tau hauv kev xaiv cov khoom lag luam yog nws tus nqi. Tag nrho lwm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom thiab cov laj thawj ntawm kev xaiv nws yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Hauv kev sim hloov ib yam khoom nrog lwm tus, cov neeg siv khoom nrhiav kom cov nqi nyiaj txiag nyob rau tib theem. Zoo dua, txo kev siv nyiaj ib yam nkaus.

Kev tsis pom kev nkhaus

Kev tsis pom kev nkhaus kom meej meej qhia txhua yam ntawm cov khoom lag luam uas cov neeg siv khoom tau txais. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, peb ua qhov tshwj xeeb uas cov neeg siv khoom tsis quav ntsej yam khoom xaiv. Piv txwv li, kev xaiv ntawm txiv apples thiab txiv kab ntxwv, kev thauj mus los hauv pej xeem lossis kev lag luam. Cov axes ntawm lub dav hlau qhia cov naj npawb ntawm cov khoom sib piv (ntawm x-axis, piv txwv li, khob tshuaj yej, thiab ntawm y-axis, ncuav qab zib).

Thaum kawg ntawm txoj kab nkhaus, peb pom tseeb tias muaj pes tsawg txiv apples cov neeg siv khoom txaus siab tso tseg hauv kev nyiam yuav ib qho txiv kab ntxwv ntxiv. Thiab vice versa. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub thaum txhua chav tsev nyiaj tau txais txiaj ntsig sib npaug thaum yuav cov khoom sib piv, ib tus hais txog kev siv hluav taws xob ntau tshaj plaws thiab kev faib tawm ntawm cov neeg siv khoom siv nyiaj txiag, piv txwv li, tus nqi hloov pauv tau mus txog. Kev soj ntsuam ntxiv ntawm cov neeg siv khoom cov txheej txheem kev txiav txim siab yuav qhia tau tias yog tus nqi ntawm 1 lub txiv apples tsawg dua tus nqi ntawm 1 txiv kab ntxwv, tus neeg siv khoom yuav xaiv lub txiv apple.

Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Zoo

Kev tsis pom kev nkhaus feem ntau qhia txog qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov khoom siv. Tab sis nco ntsoov tias nyob rau hauv rooj plaub thaum lub marginal nqi ntawm cov khoom X yog ob zaug tus nqi, thiab cov khoom Y yog peb zaug. Cov neeg siv khoom yuav hloov mus rau qhov yuav khoom Y txawm tias tsis xav txog qhov tseeb tias nws kim dua.

Qhov no yuav ua rau rov faib dua ntawm tag nrho cov peev nyiaj, vim tias tus nqi zoo Y yuav nce ntxiv. Lub marginal tus nqi ntawm cov nqi hluav taws xob nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog ua tiav los ntawm "rationalism effect" ntawm tus neeg yuav khoom, uas nrhiav kom tau txais txiaj ntsig siab tshaj plaws los ntawm kev yuav khoom. Tus neeg yuav khoom muaj nuj nqis tas li ntsuas qhov xwm txheej tam sim no hauv kev ua lag luam thiab rov faib cov kev taw qhia ntawm kev siv nyiaj.

Special case of marginal utility

Hauv kev lag luam, muaj cov khoom lag luam zoo ib yam, cov khoom hloov pauv thiab cov khoom ntxiv. Thawj yog cov khoom sib pauv hloov pauv (dej thiab compote), qhov thib ob yog hloov pauv tag nrho (Coca-Cola thiab"Pepsi-Cola") thiab lwm tus - cov khoom lag luam uas sib xyaw ua ke (cov cwj mem thiab refill).

Rau txhua qhov xwm txheej tau piav qhia, qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom lag luam yog qhov tshwj xeeb (tseem ceeb). Yog li ntawd, yog hais tias nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub nkhaus muaj ib tug tsis zoo txoj kab nqes thiab convexity ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm lub axes, ces rau kev hloov lub graph yuav siv sij hawm daim ntawv ntawm ib tug ncaj kab hla lub coordinate axes. Txoj kab nqes ntawm txoj kab ncaj nraim no nyob ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov khoom, thaum lub sij hawm ntawm concavity ntawm qhov nkhaus yog txiav txim los ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm hloov ib yam khoom rau lwm tus.

Txoj kev tsim khoom thiab tus nqi hloov pauv

Raws li hauv kev lag luam ntiag tug, hauv kev lag luam, cov kws lag luam nyiaj txiag sim taug qab qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev yuav khoom thiab siv cov peev txheej. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tus nqi marginal ntawm kev hloov technology yog xam. Tsis zoo li cov khoom lag luam hauv cov neeg siv khoom lag luam, cov lag luam taug qab cov kev hloov pauv hauv ib qho ntawm kev tsim khoom rau kev nce (qis) hauv lwm qhov. Qhov txwv yog qhov ntim ntawm cov zis - nws yuav tsum nyob twj ywm tsis hloov.

Qhov taw qhia feem ntau yog qhov marginal ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm kev ua haujlwm los ntawm peev. Nws yog qhov ua tau los nqis peev nyiaj ntxiv hauv kev tsim khoom, tsis them nyiaj rau kev hloov pauv hauv kev ua haujlwm. Tab sis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no nws yog hais tias nyob rau hauv ib tug tej lub sij hawm yuav muaj ib tug txo nyob rau hauv ntau lawm, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv ib tug indifference nkhaus, nws yog tsim nyog los them rov qab rau ib tug nce nyob rau hauv ib qho tseem ceeb los ntawm ib tug txo nyob rau hauv lwm yam. Qhov xwm txheej no yog qhov tsis sib xws rau kev tsim khoommarginal khoom. Yog li ntawd, cov lag luam yuav tsum nrhiav qhov sib npaug ntawm cov khoom tsim.

Tus nqi marginal ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom tsim tawm yog qhov qhia tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev suav cov kev lag luam ntawm kev lag luam.

marginal utility thiab tus nqi hloov pauv cuam tshuam li cas?

Tau kawg, txhua yam khoom muaj txiaj ntsig. Txog rau ib lub ntsiab lus, txhua chav tom ntej ntawm cov khoom kuj coj cov txiaj ntsig ntxiv. Tab sis nyob rau qee lub sijhawm, qhov nce hauv kev noj ib yam tsis muaj txiaj ntsig. Tom qab ntawd peb tab tom tham txog kev ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig marginal ntawm cov khoom.

Yog tias koj nyob ntawm tib qhov kev tsis txaus siab nkhaus thiab txav mus rau hauv qee qhov kev taw qhia, ces koj tuaj yeem tham txog kev them nyiaj rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob: kev txo qis ntawm kev noj ntawm ib qho ua rau nce kev noj ntawm lwm tus; tag nrho cov nqi hluav taws xob tsis hloov. Kev siv hluav taws xob ntxiv yog suav tias yog cov khoom siv marginal ntawm txhua qhov zoo. Tus qauv sau raws li nram no: MRS=Py/Px.

Khoom ntawm marginal tus nqi hloov pauv

• Tus nqi hloov pauv yog qhov piv ntawm cov khoom siv marginal ntawm ob yam khoom.

• Tus nqi tsis zoo ntawm kev hloov pauv txhais tau hais tias kev txo qis ntawm kev noj ib qho zoo tuaj yeem ua rau nce kev siv lwm tus.

• Lub marginal tus nqi hloov pauv tsuas yog txiav txim siab thaum tsiv nce thiab nqis ntawm qhov nkhaus tsis txaus ntseeg.

• Tag nrho cov saum toj no "ua haujlwm" tsuas yog rau cov xwm txheej dav dav (cov khoom sib hloov tau ib nrab); rautag nrho cov kev xaiv ntiag tug, tus yam ntxwv no tsis suav nrog.