rab phom tshuab yog ib yam riam phom uas tsis muaj tam sim no tsis tuaj yeem xav txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm ib lub zog qauv, thiab tsis yog nyob rau hauv qhov loj ntawm peb lub teb chaws loj heev. Nws yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov cuab yeej ntawm infantry thiab airforce fighters. Xws li kev faib dav dav ntawm cov tshuab tsis siv neeg tau yooj yim los ntawm lawv qhov yooj yim thiab tsim khoom siv. Tab sis ua ntej dhau los ua ib qho ntawm ntau hom riam phom, cov khoom no tau los ntev thiab nyuaj. Xws li cov saw hlau ntawm kev tsim kho, kev hloov kho thiab kev txhim kho tau tshwm sim thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 1, thaum thawj rab phom tshuab tau tshwm sim. Keeb kwm ntawm cov riam phom nyob rau hauv Russia muaj ob lub ntsiab lus: cov qauv ntawm Tsarist Russia thiab qauv ntawm Soviet Russia. Yuav kom nkag siab tias qhov sib txawv ntawm riam phom ntawm cov eras no yog dab tsi, koj yuav tsum paub seb dab tsi yog hu ua rab phom tshuab niaj hnub no.
Qhov no yog dab tsi?
Tom ntej no, peb mam li saib seb leej twg tau tsim thawj rab phom submachine, riam phom uas muaj peev xwm ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj ib zaug lossis muaj hluav taws kub ceev ceev heev. Nws tus kheej-reloads thiab txuas ntxiv tua yog tias tus txhais tau tuav cia. Cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm cov qauv niaj hnubpab: kev siv cov cartridge nruab nrab, lub peev xwm loj ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm hloov tau, muaj peev xwm tua hluav taws tawg, nrog rau kev sib piv lightness thiab compactness.
History of terminology. Thawj lub tshuab hauv ntiaj teb
Yog tias koj hais lo lus "automatic" nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe, feem ntau nws yuav to taub yuam kev, vim hais tias lub tswv yim no yog siv los hais txog ntau yam riam phom tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm lub qub Soviet Union. Cov riam phom zoo sib xws hauv txawv teb chaws tuaj yeem nkag siab tias "automatic carbine" lossis " phom phom phom sij", raws li qhov ntev ntawm lub thoob.
Lub tshuab thawj zaug tshwm sim thaum twg? Thawj thawj zaug hauv keeb kwm, lo lus no tau siv rau rab phom uas tsim los ntawm Vladimir Fedorov xyoo 1916. Lub npe tau thov los ntawm Nikolai Filatov plaub xyoos tom qab tsim riam phom nws tus kheej. Rov qab rau xyoo 1916, thawj rab phom tshuab hauv ntiaj teb tau paub tias yog rab phom submachine, thiab tau txais los ua 2.5-kab phom Fedorov. Nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union, rab phom submachine pib hu ua, thiab nyob rau hauv 1943, tom qab tsim ib tug nruab nrab Soviet-style cartridge, lub npe tau muab rau cov riam phom uas peb paub los ntawm lo lus "automatic" niaj hnub no.
Assault phom ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws. Yam yuavtsum tau kawm uantej rau lawv cov creation
Cov tub rog thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th tau nkag siab txog qhov xav tau ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab kev qhia txog hom riam phom tshiab. Nws yog qhov pom tseeb tias yav tom ntej nteg nrog cov qauv tsis siv neeg, yog li thawj rab phom pib tsim nyob rau lub sijhawm no. Qhov kom zoo dua ntawm cov riam phom zoo li no yog nws qhov ceev: tsis tas yuav tsum tau reloading, uas txhais tau tiastus tua tsis tas yuav tawg tawm ntawm lub hom phiaj. Lub luag haujlwm yog los tsim cov riam phom me me, ib tus neeg rau txhua tus neeg tua rog, uas yuav siv cov cartridges muaj zog tsawg dua li cov phom ntev.
Nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ib, qhov teeb meem ntawm riam phom tau tshwm sim tshwj xeeb. Txhua leej txhua tus nkag siab tias riam phom nrog phom phom (nrog rau cov mos txwv ntau txog 3500 meters) yog siv feem ntau rau kev tawm tsam ze, siv cov phom phom thiab hlau ntau dhau, thiab tseem txo cov mos txwv ntawm cov tub rog. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm thawj cov cav tov tau ua nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, Russia yog tsis muaj kev zam. Ib qho ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom uas tau koom nrog hauv qhov kev sim no yog Vladimir Grigoryevich Fedorov.
Pib txhim kho
Thawj Fedorov rab phom tua phom tau tsim nyob rau lub sijhawm thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 1 tau ua tiav, tab sis Fedorov tau koom nrog nws txoj kev tsim riam phom tshiab rov qab rau xyoo 1906. Ua ntej pib ua tsov ua rog, lub xeev tawv ncauj tsis kam lees paub qhov yuav tsum tau tsim riam phom tshiab, yog li cov phom hauv Russia yuav tsum tau ua ntawm nws tus kheej, tsis muaj kev txhawb nqa. Thawj qhov kev sim yog kom kho tshiab lub npe nrov peb-kab Mosin phom ntev thiab tig mus rau hauv ib qho tshiab, tsis siv neeg. Fedorov nkag siab tias nws yuav nyuaj heev los hloov cov riam phom no, tab sis cov phom loj loj hauv kev pabcuam tau ua lub luag haujlwm.
Txoj haujlwm tsim los ntawm thawj lub tshuab rab phom Lavxias thaum kawg tau pom tias lub tswv yim no tsis zoo li cas - Mosin phom tsis yooj yim rau kev hloov pauv. Tom qab thawj tsis ua hauj lwm, Fedorov, ua ke nrogDegtyarev plunges mus rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug kiag li tshiab thawj tsim. Xyoo 1912, cov phom tsis siv neeg tau tshwm sim siv tus qauv 1889 cartridge ntawm lub xyoo, uas yog, 7.62 hli caliber, thiab ib xyoos tom qab lawv tsim riam phom rau ib qho tshiab, tshwj xeeb tsim 6.5 hli caliber cartridge.
New cartridge ntawm Vladimir Grigorievich Fedorov
Nws yog lub tswv yim ntawm kev tsim lub cartridge ntawm lub zog tsawg dua uas tau ua haujlwm ua thawj kauj ruam ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov nruab nrab cartridge, uas yog siv nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv tsis siv neeg riam phom. Vim li cas thiaj li yuav tsum tau ceev faj txog cov mos txwv tshiab, yog tias riam phom ib txwm tsim los rau cov ntawv ntim rau hauv kev pabcuam? Cov xwm txheej hnyav yuav tsum tau ntsuas hnyav. Cov tub rog Lavxias xav tau rab phom tshuab.
Vladimir Grigorievich Fedorov pom tias qhov tsis txaus ntawm peb kab cartridge - lub npoo thiab lub zog ntau dhau - dai zoo li qhov hnyav tuag, cuam tshuam kev loj hlob. Cartridges ua rau phom tsis tuaj yeem siv rau hauv cov phom tshuab vim lawv lub zog. Lawv lub zog ntau dhau provokes muaj zog recoil thiab ua rau nws nyuaj rau kev ua kom raug hluav taws, tsim kom muaj kev sib kis loj ntawm cov mos txwv. Tsis tas li ntawd, tib lub tshuab ntawm rab phom tshuab yuav tsum ua haujlwm tas li ntawm nws qhov siab tshaj plaws, uas ua rau muaj kev ua tsis tiav sai ntawm riam phom.
Yuav daws cov teeb meem, nws tau txiav txim siab los tsim ib daim cartridge tshiab, lub teeb yuag, tab sis muab lub zog txaus. Cov mos txwv uas cov neeg tua phom tau txiav txim siab yog ib lub mos txwv 6.5 hli thiab cov ntaub ntawv tsis muaj cartridge.protruding ntug. Cov cartridge tshiab hnyav 8.5 grams, muaj qhov pib ceev ntawm 850 m / s thiab lub zog muzzle txo los ntawm 20-25% piv rau rab phom. Raws li niaj hnub tsis, xws li ib tug cartridge tseem tsis tau hu ua intermediate, vim nws muaj zog heev. Es tsis txhob, nws yog ib tug modified phom cartridge nrog ib tug me me caliber thiab txo recoil. Daim cartridge ntawm Vladimir Grigoryevich Fedorov tau ua tiav tag nrho cov kev xeem, tab sis tsis tau tso rau hauv ntau lawm - kev ua tsov ua rog tiv thaiv.
WWI riam phom
Russia tau paub tseeb tias nws cov riam phom cov khoom lag luam yuav txaus rau txhua qhov kev ua tsov rog, tab sis nrog kev tshwm sim ntawm Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog Zaum 1, lub xeev tau pom meej tias qhov teeb meem loj npaum li cas ntawm kev tsim thiab nthuav tawm hom riam phom tshiab. Hmoov tsis zoo, txhua lub tuam txhab riam phom tau dhau los ntawm kev txiav txim, yog li txhua lub sijhawm los tsim kom muaj kev tsim tawm tshiab tau raug cais tawm tag nrho.
Txhawm rau txo qhov xav tau ceev riam phom, Russia pib yuav cov phom Japanese Arisaka, uas tau muab nrog 6.5 hli cartridges. Vladimir Grigoryevich Fedorov sai sai pib remake nws invention rau tshiab Japanese cartridges, uas nws muaj kev nkag tau mus rau, thiab raws li ib tug tshwm sim xa nws tag nrho-fledged tshuab rab phom mus rau lub commission.
Lub tshuab ntawm Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib yog qhov txawv ntawm cov niaj hnub no. Technically, lawv tsis siv cov cartridges nruab nrab. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub lo lus "automatic" lawv tsis haum. Tab sis nws yog los ntawm lub sij hawm no - nrog invention ntawm thawj lub tshuab rab phom nyob rau hauv Russia los ntawm Fedorov - uas yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau.tej riam phom hauv ntiaj teb no. Xyoo 1916, tom qab ua tiav tag nrho cov kev xeem, Russia tau txais tus qauv no.
Thawj qhov kev siv cov cuab yeej tshiab hauv kev ua haujlwm sib ntaus sib tua tau ua nyob rau hauv Romanian pem hauv ntej, qhov chaw uas cov tuam txhab ntawm submachine gunners tau lub hom phiaj tsim, nrog rau hauv pab pawg tshwj xeeb ntawm 189th Izmail regiment. Qhov kev txiav txim siab los tsim ib qho kev txiav txim rau kev tsim cov nees nkaum tsib txhiab lub tshuab phom rau kev muab cov tub rog tau ua thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1916. Thawj qhov teeb meem ntawm txoj kev yog qhov yuam kev hauv kev xaiv tus neeg cog lus rau qhov kev txiav txim tseem ceeb no. Nws tau muab rau ib lub tuam txhab ntiag tug, uas tsis tau pib nws txoj kev siv, vim tias kev lag luam kev lag luam hauv lub teb chaws twb tau nce siab lawm.
Thaum lub sij hawm kev txiav txim rau kev tsim ib pawg ntawm Fedorov phom phom raug xa mus rau cov nroj tsuag Sestroretsk, lub kiv puag ncig tau pib hauv Russia. Nrog rau lub cev qhuav dej ntawm Tsarist Russia, qhov kev lag luam no tau xaus rau ntawm ciam teb nrog Finland, uas tsis nrhiav kom muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog Soviet Russia, thiab yog li ntawd, cov lus nug tshwm sim ntawm kev hloov riam phom ntau lawm los ntawm Sestroretsk mus rau Kovrov, uas kuj tsis pab ceev. nce kev ua tiav ntawm qhov kev txiav txim. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, qhov kev tso tawm ntawm rab phom tshuab rau hauv kev tsim khoom loj tau raug thawb rov qab mus rau xyoo 1919, thiab los ntawm 1924, kev tsim phom tshuab, koom ua ke nrog kev tsim khoom ntawm Fedorov, pib.
Cov Tub Rog Liab tau siv rab phom tshuab ntawm Vladimir Grigorievich txog xyoo 1928. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, cov tub rog tau muab cov kev xav tau tshiab rau cov riam phom infantry - qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev kov yeej cov tsheb loj. Cov phom caliber 6.5 mmua tsis tau zoo rau cov phom ntev, cov khoom lag luam ntawm cov ntawv ntim khoom tau yuav hauv Nyij Pooj thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib tau los txog qhov kawg, tsim peb tus kheej cov khoom zoo li tsis muaj nyiaj txiag. Cov xwm txheej no sib tshooj, thiab nws tau txiav txim siab tshem Fedorov rab phom phom los ntawm kev tsim khoom. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias cov riam phom no tau xyaum tsis nco qab lub sij hawm, Vladimir Grigorievich mus ib txhis nyob rau hauv keeb kwm raws li tus txiv neej uas invented thawj lub tshuab rab phom.
Assault phom ntawm Soviet Union
Txoj kev npaj ntawm Vladimir Grigoryevich Fedorov, uas muaj nyob rau hauv kev txo lub hwj chim ntawm daim cartridge, tsuas yog ua tau nyob rau hauv lub USSR, thaum lub volleys ntawm lub ntiaj teb no ua tsov ua rog II tuag. Tom qab tsov rog tsis siv neeg riam phom tsim nyob rau hauv ob qho kev qhia: phom loj (tsis siv neeg thiab nws tus kheej-loading) thiab submachine phom. Nyob rau hauv lub forties, lub sab hnub poob twb tau tsim thawj riam phom uas tso cai rau kev siv ntawm txo hwj chim cartridges, lub Soviet Union tsis xav lag tom qab dab tsi. Raws li cov qauv European nquag, German MKb.42 thiab American M1 tus kheej thauj khoom carbine tau nyob hauv lub koom haum txhais tes.
Cov tub ceev xwm txiav txim siab tam sim tsim lub teeb yuag ib ntus daim cartridge thiab cov riam phom tshiab kawg uas muaj peev xwm ua kom siv tau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov mos txwv.
Tshuaj nruab nrab chuck
Intermediate yog ib daim cartridge siv hauv phom. Lub hwj chim ntawm cov mos txwv no tsawg dua li ntawm rab phom, tab sis ntau dua li ntawm rab yaj phom. Cov cartridge nruab nrab yog qhov sib dua thiab sib zog ntau dua li cov phom phom cartridge, uas tso cai rau koj los ua kom cov khoom hnav.mos txwv ntawm ib tug tub rog, raws li zoo raws li kev txuag phom phom thiab hlau nyob rau hauv ntau lawm. Lub Soviet Union pib tsim ib tug tshiab riam phom complex tsom rau kev siv ntawm ib tug nruab nrab cartridge. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog muab cov tub rog tub rog nrog riam phom uas tso cai rau lawv tawm tsam cov yeeb ncuab ntawm qhov deb tshaj qhov ua tau zoo ntawm rab phom submachine.
Muab rau hauv tus account lub hom phiaj tau teeb tsa, cov neeg tsim qauv tau pib tsim hom tshiab cartridges. Thaum kawg ntawm lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1943, cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov duab kos thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov qauv cartridge tshiab ntawm Semin thiab Elizarov raug xa mus rau txhua lub koom haum tshwj xeeb hauv kev tsim riam phom me. Cov mos txwv no hnyav 8 grams thiab muaj ib lub mos txwv (7.62 mm), lub raj mis casing (41 mm) thiab ib tug txhuas core.
Kev xaiv qhov project
Kev siv cov cartridge tshiab tau npaj tsis yog rau cov phom tshuab xwb, tab sis kuj yog rau tus kheej thauj khoom carbines lossis riam phom nrog phau ntawv reloading. Thawj tus tsim uas nyiam txhua tus neeg mloog yog qhov kev tsim ntawm Sudayev - AS. Lub tshuab no tau dhau mus rau theem ntawm kev ua kom zoo dua qub, tom qab ntawd qhov txwv tsis pub tso tawm thiab kev sim tub rog ntawm riam phom tshiab tau ua tiav. Raws li lawv cov txiaj ntsig, kev txiav txim siab tau tshaj tawm rau qhov xav tau los txo qhov loj ntawm tus qauv.
Tom qab hloov kho rau cov npe tseem ceeb ntawm cov kev xav tau, kev sib tw tsim kho tau rov ua dua. Tam sim no tus tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm Kalashnikov koom nrog nws txoj haujlwm. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, kaum rau cov qauv tsim ntawm cov tshuab tsis siv neeg tau tshaj tawm hauv kev sib tw, ntawm cov thawj coj xaiv kaum rau tom qabkev txhim kho. Tsuas yog rau tus neeg raug tso cai los ua cov qauv, thiab tsuas yog tsib tus qauv tau tsim hauv cov hlau. Ntawm cov uas tau xaiv, tsis muaj ib qho uas tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov xav tau. Thawj Kalashnikov rab phom tua tsis tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom raug hluav taws, yog li kev txhim kho txuas ntxiv mus.
Kalashnikov's invention
Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1947, Mikhail Timofeevich nthuav tawm ib qho kev hloov kho ntawm nws cov khoom - AK-46 No. 2. Thawj Kalashnikov rab phom tua phom muaj ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov peb tau siv los hu AK niaj hnub no: kev teeb tsa ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, cov khoom siv rov qab, lub fuse, tus txhais lus hluav taws. Cov qauv no tau nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv ob lub versions: Ak-46№2 nrog ib tug ruaj khov ntoo Tshuag tsim rau infantry siv, thiab AK-46№3 nrog ib tug folding hlau taub qab - ib tug version rau paratroopers.
Kalashnikov phom phom nyob rau theem ntawm kev sib tw no tsuas yog qhov thib peb, poob rau cov qauv tsim los ntawm Bulkin thiab Dementiev. Pawg thawj coj rov pom zoo tias riam phom yuav tsum tau ua tiav, thiab theem tom ntej ntawm kev sim tau teem rau lub Yim Hli 1947. Cov neeg tsim qauv ntawm lub tshuab - Mikhail Kalashnikov thiab Alexander Zaitsev - txiav txim siab tsis hloov kho, tab sis kom ua tiav cov riam phom. Cov kauj ruam no them tawm. AK-47 tso nws cov neeg sib tw tom qab thiab tau pom zoo rau kev tsim khoom.
Lub Kalashnikov rab phom tua phom dhau kev sim tub rog thiab tau txais kev tsim tawm, txawm tias qhov tsis txaus siab txog qhov raug ntawm hluav taws tseem cuam tshuam. Kev daws yog qhov no:tshem tawm nyob rau hauv parallel yam tsis ncua ncua kev tso tawm series. Nyob rau hauv 1949, nyob rau lub rau hli ntuj 18, thawj lub tshuab rab phom ntawm lub USSR, tsim los ntawm Kalashnikov, tau muab tso rau hauv kev pab cuam raws li kev txiav txim ntawm Council of Ministers ntawm lub USSR. Nws tso tawm yog nqa tawm ib txhij nyob rau hauv ob versions: nrog ib tug ntoo thiab folding mechanical taub qab. Yog li, riam phom tau tsim nyog siv los ntawm ob qho tib si infantry thiab airborne troops.
Txij li xyoo 1949, Kalashnikov rab phom tua phom tau dhau los ua ntau dua ib qho kev hloov kho tshiab kom tau raws li peb paub niaj hnub no. Qhov tseeb tias qhov tshwm sim ntawm hom riam phom tshiab tsis ua rau nws tso nws txoj haujlwm kom pom tseeb tias qhov kev tsim kho no zoo npaum li cas. Ntau lub teb chaws txaus siab rau nws.
