Left communists: keeb kwm, cov neeg sawv cev, cov hauv paus ntsiab lus thiab qhov tseeb nthuav

Cov txheej txheem:

Left communists: keeb kwm, cov neeg sawv cev, cov hauv paus ntsiab lus thiab qhov tseeb nthuav
Left communists: keeb kwm, cov neeg sawv cev, cov hauv paus ntsiab lus thiab qhov tseeb nthuav

Video: Left communists: keeb kwm, cov neeg sawv cev, cov hauv paus ntsiab lus thiab qhov tseeb nthuav

Video: Left communists: keeb kwm, cov neeg sawv cev, cov hauv paus ntsiab lus thiab qhov tseeb nthuav
Video: The Hmong and Chinese Communist Party of Thailand Part 2 2024, Hlis ntuj nqeg
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Lub sijhawm hloov pauv hauv keeb kwm ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua nees nkaum tuaj yeem raug hu ua Great Russian Revolution of 1917, uas muaj ob ntu - lub Ob Hlis thiab Lub Kaum Hli theem. Cov xwm txheej uas tshwm sim thaum Lub Kaum Hli tau coj Bolshevik Party coj los ntawm V. I. Lenin los ua hwj chim.

Manifestation nyob rau hauv 1917
Manifestation nyob rau hauv 1917

Rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub xeev tshiab, Bolsheviks xav tau ib puag ncig zoo nyob rau sab nraud ntawm lub tebchaws. V. I. Lenin hais kom muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb nrog lub teb chaws Yelemees, thiab ntawm cov xwm txheej uas tsis zoo rau Russia. Tab sis cov nom tswv sab laug ntseeg tias lub teb chaws xav tau kev ua tsov rog tawm tsam, tsis muaj kev sib tham nrog lub teb chaws Yelemees.

Txheej xwm ntawm kiv puag ncig

Lub ob hlis ntuj kiv puag ncig pib nrog kev tawm tsam ntawm Petrograd cov neeg ua haujlwm thaum Lub Ob Hlis 23 (Lub Peb Hlis 8). Thoob plaws hauv lub tebchaws, tib neeg tau nkees ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog thiab kev ua neej nyob tsis zoo, vim qhov no, kev tawm tsam loj thiab kev tawm tsam tau tshwm sim, qhov kev thov uas yog kev rhuav tshem tsoomfwv tsarist.thiab kev tso tseg ntawm kev ua phem. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm Lub Ob Hlis Revolution yog lub abdication ntawm Nicholas II los ntawm lub zwm txwv, tab sis kev tsov rog txuas ntxiv.

Emperor Nicholas II
Emperor Nicholas II

Nyob rau lub Peb Hlis 1917, Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees ntawm Lub Xeev Duma tau tsim lub txee uas tsis txhawb nqa Russia tawm ntawm kev ua tsov rog. Tsoom Fwv Tsev Kawm Ntawv ib ntus txiav txim siab nws lub hom phiaj los coj kev tsov rog los yeej. Ob peb hnub tom qab, Petrograd Soviet tau txais lub manifesto "Rau cov neeg ntawm tag nrho lub ntiaj teb no." Lub hom phiaj ntawm pawg sab laj yog los tawm tsam imperialist txoj cai thiab hu rau cov neeg ntawm Tebchaws Europe kom muaj kev thaj yeeb. Lub suab hu ua dual lub zog tau tshwm sim hauv lub tebchaws.

Lub Kaum Hli Ntuj tig tau tshwm sim rau lub Kaum Hlis 25, 1917. Thaum Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1918, Russia tau hloov los ntawm Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub mus rau Gregorian, vim li ntawd, hnub ntawm Lub Kaum Hli Revolution poob rau lub Kaum Ib Hlis 7. Kev tawm tsam uas tau tshwm sim rau hmo ntawm Lub Kaum Hli 24-25 yog qhov xav tsis thoob rau ntau tus.

Lenin cov lus
Lenin cov lus

Petrograd Soviet tau ua haujlwm ntev ntev los xaus lub zog dual hauv lub tebchaws, thiab vim li ntawd, cov neeg tsav nkoj ntawm B altic Fleet nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Red Guard ua haujlwm kom tiav. Tom qab tuav tswj hwm xov tooj, kev sib pauv xov tooj, chaw nres tsheb ciav hlau thiab lwm qhov chaw muaj tswv yim, lawv tau mus txog Lub Caij Ntuj Sov Palace, uas yog nyob rau Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, thaum Lub Kaum Hli 26 thaum 2 teev sawv ntxov, Lub Caij Ntuj Sov Palace tau raug ntes los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tub rog thiab cov neeg caij nkoj thaum muaj kev tawm tsam, thiab tsoomfwv ib ntus raug ntes.

Kev tsis pom zoo hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Bolsheviks

Rau kev txhim kho thiab hloov pauv ntawm Russia, Bolsheviks yuav tsum txwv cov tub rogkev ua thiab xaus kev sib haum xeeb nrog lub teb chaws Yelemees, thiab ntawm kev txaj muag heev thiab tsis zoo rau lub tebchaws. Qhov xwm txheej no ua rau muaj kev sib tham thiab kev tsis pom zoo hauv Central Committee ntawm RSDLP(b). V. I. Lenin thiab nws cov neeg txhawb nqa tau hais kom ua kom muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb ntawm txhua tus nqi kom txuag tau lub zog Soviet hauv Russia, uas lawv suav tias yog ib qho kev tawm tsam rau kev tawm tsam rau lub ntiaj teb tom ntej. Tab sis qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees tau ntseeg tias qhov kev tawm tsam tuaj yeem ncua kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntiaj teb kiv puag ncig thiab vim li ntawd lub zog ntawm Soviets yuav xaus.

B. Kustodiev "Bolshevik"
B. Kustodiev "Bolshevik"

L. D. Trotsky thiab nws cov neeg txhawb nqa tau pom zoo tsis kam kos npe rau kev sib haum xeeb. Lawv suav tias qhov kev xaiv no tsuas yog ua tau yog tias muaj kev hem thawj ntawm kev tawm tsam los ntawm cov tub rog German, uas tuaj yeem ua rau lub zog ntawm Soviet tuag. Qhov ntawd yog, Trotsky tau thov kom ua raws li cov qauv "tsis muaj tsov rog, tsis muaj kev thaj yeeb."

Sab laug Communists, coj los ntawm Bukharin, ntseeg hais tias lawv yuav tsum tsis txhob nkag mus rau hauv kev sib tham nrog lub teb chaws Yelemees, tab sis hais tias ib tug kiv puag ncig kev tsov kev rog yuav tsum tau waged, thiab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv no txoj kev yuav ua rau lub ntiaj teb no kiv puag ncig. Thiab cov lus hais los ntawm sab laug communist tau hais li cas? Nws yog qhov zoo dua kom tuag nrog kev hwm thiab daim chij tuav siab dua li kos npe rau kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb nrog lub teb chaws Yelemees, uas yog, "Kev tuag lossis kev hloov pauv ntiaj teb."

communism yog dab tsi

Lo lus "communism" txhais los ntawm Fabkis txhais tau tias "general" lossis "public". Communist sib zog ua kom muaj vaj huam sib luag thiab muaj vaj huam sib luag. Yuav tsum tsis muaj kev faib rau hauv cov chav kawm social, xeev. Communism xav tias tsis muaj nyiaj thiab muab cov lus hais tias "Los ntawm txhuapeev xwm, rau txhua tus raws li nws xav tau. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub neej tiag tiag, xws li ib tug haiv neeg tsis muaj, qhov no yog ib tug theoretical social system.

Communist nrog chij
Communist nrog chij

cov tswv yim ntawm cov neeg Communist tau xav tias kev sib raug zoo raws li cov cuab yeej cuab tam. Cov neeg xav paub nto moo Karl Marx thiab Friedrich Engels tau tsim cov Communist Manifesto, uas lawv tau qhia txog kev tuag ntawm cov peev txheej thiab tau npaj ib txoj haujlwm rau kev hloov pauv ntawm kev lag luam mus rau kev lag luam.

Qee tus theorists ntawm kev ntseeg, uas tau pom zoo thiab txhawb nqa qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub Kaum Hlis kev tawm tsam hauv tebchaws Russia, tab sis tsis txaus siab rau nws txoj kev loj hlob ntxiv, piv Bolshevism nrog lub xeev capitalism, pib hu ua sab laug communists. Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin los ua tus thawj coj ntawm sab laug communist nyob rau hauv Russia.

Lub tswvyim ntawm sab laug thiab sab xis

Kev faib nom tswv ntawm sab laug thiab sab xis tau tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm Fabkis Revolution, uas tau pib xyoo 1789. Peb txoj kev coj ua nom tswv tau tsim nyob rau hauv National Assembly:

  • Right - Feuillants (conservatives advocated a Constitutional monarchy).
  • Nyob hauv nruab nrab yog Girondins (cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm lub tebchaws).
  • Left - Jacobins (radicals - tawm tsam kev hloov pauv hauv zej zog). Liberals uas sawv kev ywj pheej thiab tawg nrog kev lig kev cai kuj nyob rau sab laug.

Yog li no, cov lus nug seb puas yog cov neeg sab laug lossis sab xis, cov lus teb tsis tseeb yog tias lawv sab laug. Lawv koom nrog cov radical social democrats, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas yog kev sib luag thiab sib luagtus kheej. Adolf Hitler, uas tau cog lus rau nws cov tib neeg txoj kev ywj pheej, kev ncaj ncees, kev ua haujlwm thiab lwm yam txiaj ntsig, ua ntej ntawm txhua tus tau tawm tsam cov neeg tawg rog thiab cov neeg tawm tsam sab laug, ua rau cov neeg tsis muaj kev ywj pheej thiab kev sib luag. Yog vim li cas cov communist nyob rau sab laug thiab Nazis sab xis.

Left communism as a political doctrine

Cov Neeg Sab Nraud yog cov kev tawm tsam uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab Communist Party ntawm Bolsheviks. Lub RCP(b) muaj los ntawm 1918 txog 1925. Bukharin Nikolai Ivanovich los ua tus thawj coj ntawm sab laug communist nyob rau hauv 1918. Dab tsi ntawm sab laug communist sawv rau tuaj yeem nyeem hauv cov ntawv xov xwm uas lawv luam tawm. Cov ntawv xov xwm Kommunist tau hu kom nrawm ntawm kev ua pej xeem, uas yog, kev hloov pauv sai ntawm kev lag luam, tsev txhab nyiaj, av, kev thauj mus los thiab lwm yam khoom ntiag tug rau lub xeev cov tswv. Lo lus "sab laug communism" yog hais txog kev thuam ntawm ib co communist tawm tsam Leninism.

Pom qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev hloov pauv, cov neeg tawm tsam sab laug tau cem nws txoj kev txhim kho. Ntau tus tswvcuab ntawm cov neeg tawm tsam pom lub xeev peev txheej hauv socialist Bolshevism, suav nrog tus thawj coj ntawm pawg sab laug, Bukharin. Nyob rau hauv nws txoj hauj lwm "Children's disease of leftism in communism", V. I. Lenin raug rau qhov kev ntsuam xyuas tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm sab laug communist. Lenin ntseeg hais tias cov koom haum ua lag luam thiab cov koom haum sawv cev yuav tsum siv rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev hloov pauv. Kev tawm tsam hauv Kronstadt tawm tsam kev tswj hwm ntawm Bolsheviks thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1921 thiab nws qhov kev swb thaum kawg tau tawm tsam cov neeg sab laug. Los ntawm 1930, lawv pib xav txog USSR ib tug accomplice ntawm capitalism thiab tuaj mus rau lub xaus hais tias ib tug tshiab kiv puag ncig yog xav tau.

Tub rogkev tawm tsam

Thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1918, ib pab pawg neeg sab laug sab laug tau lees paub lawv qhov kev ua yuam kev rau Lenin thiab tau tso tseg los ua kev tawm tsam. Thiab nyob rau hauv yim lub rooj sib tham ntawm Lavxias teb sab Communist Party ntawm Bolsheviks, sab laug communists tau rov los ua tub rog tawm tsam. Lawv tawm tsam kev koom tes ntawm bourgeois cov tub rog tshwj xeeb, tsim ib pab tub rog tsis tu ncua thiab txais tos ntawm cov neeg ntiag tug thiab cov thawj coj hauv pab tub rog, suav tias qhov no yog ib qho khoom plig ntawm autocracy.

Leej twg yog sab laug communist

Ntxiv rau tus thawj coj ntawm sab laug communist N. I. Bukharin, cov kev tawm tsam suav nrog:

  • F. E. Dzerzhinsky;
  • I. Armand;
  • A. M. Kolontai;
  • G. I. Myasnikov;
  • M. S. Uritsky;
  • B. V. Obolensky;
  • M. V. Frunze thiab lwm tus.

Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin Y

N. I. Bukharin yug hauv 1862. Nws niam nws txiv yog tus kws qhia ntawv hauv tsev kawm. Nikolai Ivanovich nws tus kheej kawm tiav los ntawm thawj gymnasium nyob rau hauv Moscow thiab pib nws cov kev kawm nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv. Nws nkag mus rau Kws qhia ntawv ntawm txoj cai lij choj los kawm txog txoj haujlwm ntawm tus kws tshaj lij nyiaj txiag. Tab sis nyob rau hauv 1911 nws raug ntiab tawm ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog revolutionary kev ua ub no thiab raug ntes. Nws tau koom nrog kev tawm tsam ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm 1905-1907.

Nikolai Bukharin
Nikolai Bukharin

Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 19 xyoos, nws tau teeb tsa lub rooj sib tham hluas, los ntawm lub koom haum Komsomol tau tsim tom qab. Nyob rau hauv 1908-1911 nws tau los ua ib tug tswv cuab ntawm Moscow Committee ntawm RSDLP thiab ua hauj lwm nrog cov koom haum ua lag luam. Nyob rau hauv 1911, tom qab raug ntes, nws khiav tawm ntawm exile mus rau Austria-Hungary. Nws paub nrog V. I. Lenin tshwm sim hauvXyoo 1912, hauv Krakow. Thaum nyob rau hauv exile, Nikolai Ivanovich koom nyob rau hauv tus kheej-kev kawm ntawv. Nws kawm Marxism thiab sau ntawv ntawm Utopian socialists. Xyoo 1916, nyob txawv teb chaws, nws ntsib Leon Trotsky, thiab tom qab ntawd me ntsis nws tau ntsib Alexandra Kollontai.

Leon Trotsky
Leon Trotsky

Xyoo 1918 nws tau los ua tus thawjcoj sab laug. Xyoo 1919, nws raug mob thaum muaj kev tawm tsam los ntawm anarchists. Los ntawm 1918 txog 1921, nws tau sau phau ntawv "ABC ntawm Communism" thiab "Kev Lag Luam ntawm Lub Sijhawm Hloov Kho", uas tau tsim los ntawm kev ua tsov rog communism.

Bukharin txoj haujlwm hauv qab Stalin

Xyoo 1924, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin tuag, thiab Bukharin los ze zog rau Stalin. Kev phooj ywg yog tsim los ntawm lawv. Nikolai Ivanovich hu Stalin Koboi thiab hais nws li "koj". Nyob rau hauv lem, Stalin hu nws Bukharchik los yog Nikolasha. Hauv Stalin txoj kev tawm tsam Leon Trotsky, Grigory Zinoviev thiab Lev Kamenev, Bukharin muab nws tus phooj ywg tseem ceeb txhawb nqa.

Stalin, Bukharin, Ordzhonikidze 1929
Stalin, Bukharin, Ordzhonikidze 1929

Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev tawm tsam no, tus tsim ntawm Comintern, Lev Davidovich Trotsky, raug tshem tawm ntawm txhua txoj haujlwm hauv xyoo 1927 thiab raug xa mus rau raug ntiab tawm, thiab ob xyoos tom qab ntawd nws raug ntiab tawm ntawm USSR, tom qab poob nws txoj kev ua pej xeem Soviet.. Trotsky tuag nyob rau hauv 1940 ntawm txhais tes ntawm NKVD tus neeg sawv cev hauv Mexico.

History of the NEP

Xyoo 1926, Bukharin tau ua tus thawj coj hauv Comintern. Nws dhau los ua tus txhawb nqa NEP, tau nkag siab qhov yuam kev ntawm kev ua tsov rog communism. Lub hom phiaj ntawm NEP (txoj cai tshiab kev lag luam, tsim los ntawm V. I. Lenin thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1921 los hloovtxoj cai ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog communism) muaj nyob rau hauv kev txhim kho kev lag luam ntiag tug thiab kev lag luam kev sib raug zoo.

V. I. Lenin
V. I. Lenin

Yog li, Lenin xav tsa kev lag luam hauv tebchaws, uas tau rhuav tshem tag nrho los ntawm 1920. Cov neeg ua haujlwm tawm hauv nroog, cov chaw ua haujlwm tsis ua haujlwm, qhov ntim ntawm kev lag luam tau txo qis thiab, vim li ntawd, kev ua liaj ua teb poob rau hauv kev lwj. Muaj ib tug degradation ntawm haiv neeg, cov txawj ntse tau khiav tawm lub teb chaws los yog puas. Cov neeg pluag kev tawm tsam tau tshwm sim txhua qhov chaw, thiab tom qab ntawd cov tub rog pib tawm tsam. Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1, 1921, kev tawm tsam ntawm Red Army cov tub rog tau tshwm sim hauv Kronstadt raws li cov lus hais "Rau Soviets tsis muaj Communist!". Cov tub ceev xwm tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev tawm tsam los ntawm Lub Peb Hlis 18, thaum qee tus neeg tuag, thaum lwm tus tau khiav mus rau Finland.

NEP thiab peev txheej

Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm NEP yog los hloov cov nyiaj seem uas tsim nyog (cov se hauv qab uas cov neeg ua liaj ua teb tau raug tshem tawm txog li 70% ntawm lawv cov nplej) nrog rau cov se hauv hom (ua se txo rau 30%). Nws yog qhov kev lag luam zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Tab sis tom qab ntawd Lenin yuav tsum lees paub tias qhov kev txhim kho ntawm cov peev txheej no yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev txhim kho thiab ciaj sia ntawm txoj cai ntawm Bolsheviks. Yog li ntawd, maj mam cov tub ceev xwm pib txo qis kev lag luam tshiab, ua kom cov peev nyiaj ntiag tug.

Xyoo 1927 muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub xeev cov khoom lag luam. Grain stocks pib raug txeeb los ntawm lub npe hu ua kulaks. Tag nrho cov no tau ua tiav kev txiav txim siab ntawm NEP, thiab cov tub ceev xwm tau teeb tsa ib chav kawm rau kev sib sau ua ke thiab kev lag luam. Tab sis tsuas yog xyoo 1931, kev lag luam ntiag tug hauv USSR raug txwv tag nrho.

Lenin thiab Stalin hauv Gorki
Lenin thiab Stalin hauv Gorki

Kev txiav txim siabBukharin

Nikolai Ivanovich hauv 1928 pib tawm tsam kev sib sau ua ke thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm kulaks raws li chav kawm. Nws ntseeg hais tias tib txoj kev rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam yog kev koom tes, uas yuav maj mam hloov cov neeg ua liaj ua teb thiab qib kulaks nrog cov neeg hauv zos. Tab sis txoj hauv kev no tau tawm tsam tag nrho txoj cai ntawm Stalin, uas tau coj txoj kev mus rau kev sib sau ua ke thiab kev lag luam hauv lub tebchaws.

Lub Politburo tau hnov qhov tsis zoo rau Bukharin cov lus hais thiab thov kom tsis txhob ua kom qeeb ntawm kev sib sau ua ke. Thaum lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav xyoo 1929, Bukharin raug tshem tawm ntawm nws txoj haujlwm. Los ntawm 1929 txog 1932, Nikolai Ivanovich tau los ua tus tshaj tawm ntawm phau ntawv Journal Socialist Reconstruction thiab Science

Kev tuag ntawm Bukharin

Hauv xyoo 1936 thiab 1937, ntau qhov kev iab liam ntawm kev tawm tsam Soviet tau tawm tsam Nikolai Ivanovich. Thiab nyob rau hauv lub Peb Hlis 1938, cov tub rog collegium tshaj tawm Bukharin ua txhaum thiab tshaj tawm ib tug txiav txim: capital rau txim - tua. Nws tau raug kho dua tshiab hauv xyoo 1988 thiab rov qab los rau hauv cov qib ntawm Pawg Neeg Communist.

Bukharin yog ib tug neeg zoo kawg nkaus. Ib tug phooj ywg ntawm Lenin, Trotsky, Stalin thiab lawv cov yeeb ncuab tib lub sijhawm. Nws yog ib tug neeg txawj ntse thiab txawj ntse heev. Nws paub ntau yam lus, yog ib tug neeg sau xov xwm thiab ib zaug tau kho cov ntawv xov xwm xws li Pravda thiab Izvestia. Cov phooj ywg hwm thiab ntshai Bukharin. Nikolai Ivanovich twb paub lawm hais tias nws txoj kev tuag yog inevitable, nws paub lub system zoo heev thiab to taub hais tias nws tsis muaj txiaj ntsig los tawm tsam nws.

Pom zoo: