Missile launchers - los ntawm "Katyusha" mus rau "Smerch"

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 07:51

Cov neeg ua ntej ntawm cov foob pob hluav taws niaj hnub tuaj yeem suav tias yog phom los ntawm Tuam Tshoj. Lub plhaub tuaj yeem npog qhov deb ntawm 1.6 km, tso tawm ntau tus xub ntawm lub hom phiaj. Nyob rau sab hnub poob, cov khoom siv no tsuas yog tshwm sim tom qab 400 xyoo.

keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim cov foob pob hluav taws

Thawj lub foob pob hluav taws tshwm sim nkaus xwb vim qhov tshwm sim ntawm rab phom, uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv Suav teb. Alchemists nrhiav tau lub caij no los ntawm kev sib tsoo thaum lawv tau ua ib qho elixir rau txoj sia nyob mus ib txhis. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 11th, cov foob pob tawg tau siv thawj zaug, uas tau coj mus rau lub hom phiaj los ntawm catapults. Nws yog thawj riam phom uas nws lub tshuab zoo ib yam li foob pob hluav taws launchers.

Lub foob pob hluav taws, tsim nyob rau hauv Suav teb xyoo 1400, zoo ib yam li rab phom niaj hnub. Lawv qhov dav dav yog ntau tshaj 1.5 km. Lawv yog ob lub foob pob hluav taws uas muaj lub cav. Ua ntej yuav ntog, muaj ntau tus xub ya tawm ntawm lawv. Tom qab Tuam Tshoj, cov riam phom zoo li no tshwm sim hauv Is Nrias teb, ces tuaj rau Askiv.

General Congreve nyob rau hauv 1799, raws li lawv, tsim ib hom tshiab phom plhaub. Lawv tau raug coj mus ua haujlwm tam sim hauv cov tub rog Askiv. Tom qab ntawd, cov phom loj loj tau tshwm sim uas tau tua cov foob pob hluav taws ntawm qhov deb ntawm 1.6 km.

Txawm tias ua ntej, xyoo 1516Xyoo, cov hauv paus hniav Zaporizhzhya Cossacks nyob ze Belgorod, thaum rhuav tshem Tatar horde ntawm Crimean Khan Melik-Girey, siv ntau lub foob pob ua ntxaij launchers. Ua tsaug rau cov riam phom tshiab, lawv muaj peev xwm kov yeej cov tub rog Tatar, uas loj dua Cossacks. Hmoov tsis zoo, Cossacks coj qhov zais cia ntawm lawv txoj kev loj hlob nrog lawv, tuag hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua tom ntej.

Kev ua tiav ntawm A. Zasyadko

Ib qho kev tawg loj hauv kev tsim cov launchers tau tsim los ntawm Alexander Dmitrievich Zasyadko. Nws yog nws uas tau tsim thiab ua tiav coj mus rau lub neej thawj RCDs - ntau lub foob pob hluav taws. Los ntawm ib qho qauv tsim, tsawg kawg 6 lub foob pob hluav taws tuaj yeem raug rho tawm haujlwm yuav luag ib txhij. Cov chav nyob yog qhov hnyav, uas ua rau nws tuaj yeem nqa lawv mus rau txhua qhov chaw yooj yim. Zasyadko cov qauv tsim tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm Grand Duke Konstantin, tsar tus kwv tij. Hauv nws tsab ntawv ceeb toom rau Alexander kuv, nws thov rau Colonel Zasyadko kom nce qib ntawm Major General.

Kev txhim kho ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws xob hauv XIX-XX centuries

Nyob rau tiam 19th, N. I. Tikhomirov and V. A. Artemiev. Thawj qhov kev tshaj tawm ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws no tau tsim nyob rau hauv USSR xyoo 1928. Lub plhaub tuaj yeem npog qhov deb ntawm 5-6 km.

Ua tsaug rau kev koom tes ntawm Lavxias tus kws tshaj lij K. E. Tsiolkovsky, kws tshawb fawb los ntawm RNII I. I. Gvaya, V. N. Galkovsky, UA Pavlenko thiab A. S. Popov xyoo 1938-1941, ntau lub foob pob hluav taws tso tawm RS-M13 thiab BM-13 teeb tsa tau tshwm sim. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov kws tshawb fawb Lavxias tab tom tsim cov foob pob hluav taws. Cov cuaj luaj no - "eres" - yuav dhau los ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsis ua haujlwm"Katyusha". Nws yuav ua haujlwm rau ntau xyoo ntxiv.

Installation "Katyusha"

Raws li nws tau tshwm sim, tsib hnub ua ntej German tawm tsam USSR, ib pab pawg LE. Schwartz ua qauv qhia nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam Moscow ib tug tshiab riam phom hu ua "Katyusha". Lub foob pob hluav taws thaum lub sijhawm ntawd hu ua BM-13. Cov kev ntsuam xyuas tau ua tiav thaum Lub Rau Hli 17, 1941 ntawm Sofrinsky chaw cob qhia nrog kev koom tes ntawm Tus Thawj Coj ntawm Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm General G. K. Zhukov, tib neeg cov thawj coj ntawm kev tiv thaiv, mos txwv thiab riam phom, thiab lwm tus neeg sawv cev ntawm Red Army. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 1, cov khoom siv tub rog no tawm hauv Moscow rau pem hauv ntej. Thiab ob lub lis piam tom qab, "Katyusha" tau mus xyuas thawj kev cai raus dej ntawm hluav taws. Hitler xav tsis thoob thaum kawm txog qhov ua tau zoo ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws no.

Cov neeg German ntshai rab phom no thiab sim lawv qhov zoo tshaj plaws los ntes lossis rhuav tshem nws. Kev sim los ntawm cov neeg tsim qauv los tsim tib rab phom hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees tsis ua tiav. Lub plhaub tsis tuaj yeem khaws ceev, muaj txoj kev ya dav hlau thiab tsis ntaus lub hom phiaj. Cov hmoov phom uas tsim los ntawm Soviet tau pom meej meej ntawm qhov zoo sib txawv; ntau xyoo tau siv rau nws txoj kev loj hlob. Cov neeg ua haujlwm German tsis tuaj yeem hloov pauv, uas ua rau kev ua haujlwm tsis ruaj khov.

Kev tsim cov riam phom muaj zog no tau qhib nplooj ntawv tshiab hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim riam phom phom loj. Lub formidable "Katyusha" pib dais lub luag hauj lwm title "riam phom ntawm yeej".

Kev tsim kho yam ntxwv

BM-13 missile launchers muaj rau lub log tsav tsheb thiab tsim tshwj xeeb. Tom qab lub cockpit yog lub kaw lus rau kev tua cov cuaj luaj ntawm lub platform uas tau teeb tsa rau ntawd.ib yam. Ib qho tshwj xeeb nqa siv hydraulics tsa pem hauv ntej ntawm chav tsev ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm 45 degrees. Thaum xub thawj, tsis muaj kev cai rau txav lub platform mus rau sab xis lossis sab laug. Yog li ntawd, txhawm rau tsom lub hom phiaj, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los tso tag nrho cov tsheb thauj tag nrho. 16 foob pob hluav taws raug rho tawm haujlwm los ntawm kev teeb tsa tau ya raws ib txoj hauv kev dawb mus rau qhov chaw ntawm cov yeeb ncuab. Cov neeg coob tau hloov kho lawm thaum lub sijhawm tua. Txog tam sim no, kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm cov riam phom no tau siv los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm qee lub tebchaws.

Lub BM-13 tau hloov xyoo 1950 los ntawm ntau lub foob pob hluav taws (MLRS) BM-14.

Grad missile launchers

Tus Grad tau dhau los ua qhov hloov kho tom ntej ntawm qhov kev txiav txim siab. Lub foob pob hluav taws launcher tau tsim rau tib lub hom phiaj raws li cov qauv zoo sib xws dhau los. Tsuas yog cov haujlwm rau cov neeg tsim khoom tau dhau los ua qhov nyuaj. Kev tua hluav taws yuav tsum tsawg kawg yog 20 km.

NII 147 tau tsim cov plhaub tshiab, uas yav tas los tsis tau tsim riam phom zoo li no. Xyoo 1958, nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm A. N. Ganichev, nrog kev txhawb nqa los ntawm Lub Xeev Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Tiv Thaiv Technology, ua haujlwm tau pib ntawm kev tsim lub foob pob hluav taws rau kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm kev teeb tsa. Los tsim siv thev naus laus zis ntawm kev tsim cov phom loj loj. Cov hulls tau tsim siv txoj kev kos duab kub. Lub stabilization ntawm qhov projectile tshwm sim vim tus Tsov tus tw thiab tig.

Tom qab ntau qhov kev sim hauv Grad foob pob hluav taws, thawj zaug lawv siv plumage ntawm plaub nkhaus hniav, uas tau qhib thaum tso tawm. Yog li ntawd, A. N. Ganichevmuaj peev xwm xyuas kom meej tias lub foob pob ua ntxaij haum txig rau hauv cov tubular qhia, thiab thaum lub sij hawm lub davhlau nws stabilization system ua tau zoo tagnrho rau ib tug firing ntau yam ntawm 20 km. Cov neeg tsim khoom tseem ceeb yog NII-147, NII-6, GSKB-47, SKB-203.

Kev xeem tau ua nyob rau hauv Rzhevka kev cob qhia thaj chaw ze Leningrad thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1, 1962. Thiab ib xyoos tom qab, Lub Peb Hlis 28, 1963, Grad tau txais los ntawm lub tebchaws. Lub foob pob hluav taws tau tsim tawm rau hauv kev tsim khoom loj thaum Lub Ib Hlis 29, 1964

Composition of "Grad"

SZO BM 21 suav nrog cov hauv qab no:

- foob pob ua ntxaij launcher, uas yog mounted rau lub rear chassis ntawm lub tsheb "Ural-375D";

- tswj qhov hluav taws kub thiab 9T254 thauj-loading tsheb raws li ZIL-131;

- 40 3m yeeb nkab taw qhia mounted ntawm lub hauv paus uas tig kab rov tav thiab lub hom phiaj vertically.

Kev taw qhia yog ua los ntawm tes lossis hluav taws xob. Chav tsev yog them manually. Lub tsheb tuaj yeem txav tau them. Kev tua yog nqa tawm hauv ib qho gulp lossis ib zaug txhaj tshuaj. Nrog lub volley ntawm 40 lub plhaub, cov neeg ua haujlwm raug cuam tshuam rau thaj tsam ntawm 1046 square meters. m.

Shells rau Grad

Koj tuaj yeem siv ntau hom foob pob hluav taws los tua. Lawv txawv nyob rau hauv firing range, loj, hom phiaj. Lawv tau siv los rhuav tshem cov neeg ua haujlwm, cov tsheb tub rog, cov roj teeb mortar, aircraft thiab helicopters ntawm airfields, mines, nruab cov ntxaij vab tshaus, tsim xov tooj cua cuam tshuam, thiab tshuaj lom nrog tshuaj lom neeg.

Kev hloov kho ntawm "Grad" system yog qhov lojtus nqi. Tag nrho cov no tau ua haujlwm hauv ntau lub tebchaws hauv ntiaj teb.

Long-range MLRS "Hurricane"

Ib txhij nrog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Grad, lub Soviet Union tau tsim ib tug ntev-ntev ntau lub foob pob ua ntxaij system (MLRS). Ua ntej lub advent ntawm nag xob nag cua, foob pob ua ntxaij launchers R-103, R-110 "Chirok", "Kite" raug sim. Tag nrho lawv tau ntsuas qhov zoo, tab sis tsis muaj zog txaus thiab muaj lawv qhov tsis zoo.

Thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1968, kev txhim kho ntawm qhov ntev 220-mm SZO pib. Thaum xub thawj, nws hu ua "Grad-3". Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, cov txheej txheem tshiab tau coj mus rau hauv kev txhim kho tom qab kev txiav txim siab ntawm Ministry of Defense kev lag luam ntawm USSR ntawm lub Peb Hlis 31, 1969. Nyob rau ntawm lub Hoobkas phom Perm No. 172 thaum Lub Ob Hlis 1972, tus qauv ntawm Uragan MLRS tau tsim. Lub foob pob hluav taws tau muab tso rau hauv kev pabcuam thaum Lub Peb Hlis 18, 1975. Tom qab 15 xyoo, lub Soviet Union tau tso 10 lub foob pob hluav taws tua hluav taws ntawm Uragan MLRS thiab ib lub foob pob hluav taws xob phom loj.

Nyob rau xyoo 2001, ntau lub tshuab Uragan tau ua haujlwm hauv cov tebchaws qub ntawm USSR:

- Russia - 800;

- Kazakhstan - 50;

- Moldova - 15;

- Tajikistan - 12;

- Turkmenistan - 54;

- Uzbekistan - 48;

- Ukraine - 139.

Shells for Hurricanes zoo ib yam li mos txwv rau Grads. Cov khoom qub qub yog 9M27 foob pob hluav taws qhov chaw thiab 9X164 hmoov nqi. Txhawm rau txo qhov ntau, cov nplhaib nres kuj tau muab tso rau ntawm lawv. Lawv qhov ntev yog 4832-5178 mm, thiab lawv qhov hnyav yog 271-280 kg. Ib tug funnel nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-density av muaj ib txoj kab uas hla ntawm 8 meters thiab ib tug tob ntawm 3 meters. qhov hluav taws kubyog 10-35 km. Shrapnel los ntawm qhov projectiles ntawm qhov deb ntawm 10 m tuaj yeem nkag mus rau 6 hli steel barrier.

Uragan tshuab siv rau lub hom phiaj twg? Lub missile launcher yog tsim los rhuav tshem cov neeg ua haujlwm, cov tsheb thauj khoom, cov tub rog, cov tub rog siv phom sij, cov tshuab tiv thaiv dav hlau, cov nyoob hoom qav taub hauv cov chaw nres tsheb, cov chaw sib txuas lus, cov chaw ua tub rog-kev lag luam.

Qhov tseeb tshaj plaws MLRS "Smerch"

Qhov tsis sib xws ntawm lub kaw lus nyob hauv kev sib xyaw ntawm cov ntsuas xws li lub zog, ntau yam thiab qhov tseeb. Lub ntiaj teb thawj MLRS nrog cov kev taw qhia rotating projectiles yog Smerch foob pob ua ntxaij launcher, uas tseem tsis muaj analogues nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Nws cov missiles muaj peev xwm ncav cuag lub hom phiaj uas yog 70 km ntawm rab phom nws tus kheej. MLRS tshiab tau txais los ntawm USSR thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 19, 1987.

Hauv xyoo 2001, Uragan systems tau nyob hauv cov tebchaws hauv qab no (yav tas los USSR):

- Russia - 300 lub tsheb;

- Belarus - 48 lub tsheb;

- Ukraine - 94 lub tsheb.

Lub projectile muaj qhov ntev ntawm 7600 mm. Nws qhov hnyav yog 800 kg. Tag nrho cov ntau yam muaj kev puas tsuaj loj heev thiab kev puas tsuaj. Kev poob ntawm cov roj teeb "Hurricane" thiab "Smerch" yog sib npaug rau cov kev ua ntawm tactical nuclear riam phom. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lub ntiaj teb tsis xav txog lawv txoj kev siv li txaus ntshai. Lawv sib npaug rau riam phom xws li phom lossis tank.

Txhim kho thiab muaj zog Topol

Nyob rau xyoo 1975, lub koom haum Moscow ntawm Thermal Engineering pib tsim lub xov tooj ntawm tes uas muaj peev xwm tua tau foob pob hluav taws los ntawm ntau qhov chaw. Yog liLub complex yog Topol foob pob ua ntxaij launcher. Nws yog Soviet Union cov lus teb rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev coj American intercontinental ballistic missiles (lawv tau txais los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas xyoo 1959).

Thawj qhov kev xeem tau tshwm sim rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 23, 1983. Thaum lub sij hawm tso tawm ntau, lub foob pob hluav taws tau ua pov thawj tias yog riam phom muaj zog thiab muaj zog.

Hauv xyoo 1999, 360 Topol complexes tau nyob hauv kaum txoj haujlwm.

Txhua xyoo, Russia xa ib lub foob pob ua ntxaij Topol. Txij li thaum tsim cov complex, txog 50 qhov kev sim tau ua tiav. Tag nrho lawv dhau los tsis muaj teeb meem. Qhov no qhia txog kev ntseeg siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom siv.

Txhawm rau kov yeej lub hom phiaj me me hauv Soviet Union, Tochka-U faib lub foob pob hluav taws tau tsim. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tsim cov riam phom no tau pib thaum Lub Peb Hlis 4, 1968, raws li Txoj Cai ntawm Pawg Thawj Kav Tebchaws. Tus neeg cog lus yog Kolomna Design Bureau. Tus tsim qauv - S. P. Invincible. Lub TsNII AG yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev tswj cov cuaj luaj. Lub launcher tau tsim nyob rau hauv Volgograd.

SAM yog dab tsi

Ib txheej ntawm ntau yam kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab kev txhais tau tias sib txuas ua ke rau kev tawm tsam cov yeeb ncuab txhais tau tias los ntawm huab cua thiab qhov chaw hu ua anti-aircraft missile system (SAM).

Lawv yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov chaw ua tub rog, los ntawm kev txav mus los, los ntawm txoj kev txav thiab kev taw qhia, los ntawm ntau yam. Cov no suav nrog Buk missile launcher, nrog rau Igla, Osa thiab lwm yam. Dab tsi txawvhom qauv no? Lub foob pob hluav taws tiv thaiv dav hlau suav nrog kev tshawb nrhiav thiab kev thauj mus los, tsis siv neeg taug qab ntawm lub hom phiaj huab cua, lub launcher rau kev tiv thaiv dav hlau coj cov cuaj luaj, cov cuab yeej siv rau kev tswj cov cuaj luaj thiab nws cov kev taug qab, thiab txhais tau tias kev tswj cov cuab yeej.