Keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab xinesmas pib ntev dhau los - los ntawm thawj cov ntawv sau los ntawm cov kws yees duab zoo tib yam. Lub hnub yug ntawm Great Mute nyob rau hauv 1898 yog suav hais tias yog qhov pib ntawm xinesmas nyob rau hauv Russia. Keeb kwm ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab hauv tebchaws tau los ntev, txaus siab kov yeej kev txwv nruj.
Nws pib li cas?
Keeb Kwm hais tias xinesmas tau tshwm sim hauv tebchaws Russia thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th thiab tau coj los ntawm Fab Kis. Tab sis qhov no tsis tiv thaiv cov kws yees duab los ntawm kev paub txog kev yees duab sai sai thiab twb nyob rau xyoo 1898 tso tawm thawj cov ntawv sau cia. Tab sis tsuas yog 10 xyoo tom qab ntawd, tus thawj coj Alexander Drrankov tau tsim thawj zaj duab xis Lavxias - "Ponizovaya Volnitsa". Nws yog lub hnub yug ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntsiag to xinesmas nyob rau hauv Russia, daim duab yog dub thiab dawb, ntsiag to, luv luv, thiab txawm li ntawd los kov heev.
Drankov txoj haujlwm tau pib ua cov txheej txheem ua yeeb yaj kiab, thiab twb nyob rau xyoo 1910 xws li tus thawj coj ntawm Vladimir Gardin, Yakov Protazanov, Evgeny Bauer thiab lwm tus tsim nyog ua yeeb yaj kiab,filmed Lavxias teb sab classics, filmed melodramas, detective dab neeg thiab txawm ua yeeb yaj duab. Qhov thib ob ib nrab ntawm xyoo 1910 tau muab lub ntiaj teb nto moo zoo li Vera Kholodnaya, Ivan Mozzhukhin, Vladimir Maksimov. Thawj xinesmas hauv Russia yog lub sijhawm ci ntsa iab hauv kev loj hlob ntawm Lavxias xinesmas.
Lub Kaum Hli Ntuj - lub sijhawm txij xyoo 1918 txog 1930
Lub Kaum Hli Ntuj xyoo 1917 tau dhau los ua kev qhia tiag tiag rau cov neeg ua yeeb yaj kiab Lavxias mus rau sab hnub poob. Thiab lub sij hawm ua tsov ua rog tsis yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau kev txhim kho xinesmas. Txhua yam pib tig rov qab rau xyoo 1920, thaum cov tub ntxhais hluas muaj tswv yim tshwm sim los ntawm kev hloov pauv tau tso ib lo lus tshiab hauv kev loj hlob ntawm Lavxias teb sab xinesmas.
Lub Hnub Nyoog Nyiaj tau hloov los ntawm Soviet avant-garde xinesmas. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg xws li kev sim duab duab los ntawm Sergei Eisenstein li "The Battleship Potemkin" (1925) thiab "Lub Kaum Hli" (1927). Lub sijhawm no tau nco txog cov thawj coj thiab lawv cov yeeb yaj kiab li Lev Kuleshov - "Raws li Txoj Cai", Vsevolod Pudovkin - "Niam", Dzigi Vertov - "Ib tug txiv neej nrog lub koob yees duab yeeb yaj kiab", Yakov Protazanov - "Kev sim peb lab" thiab lwm tus. Cinema ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th nyob rau hauv Russia yog lub brightest lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab xinesmas.
Lub sijhawm ntawm kev muaj tiag - 1931-1940
Keeb kwm ntawm xinesmas nyob rau hauv Russia ntawm lub sij hawm no pib nrog ib tug zoo tshwm sim - suab accompaniment tshwm nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab xinesmas. Thawj zaj yeeb yaj kiab yog Nikolai Eck Txoj Kev rau Lub Neej. Lub totalitarian tsoom fwv uas kav lub sij hawm ntawd tswj zoo li txhua zaj duab xis. Yog li ntawd, thaum nto moo Eisenstein rov qab mus rau nws lub tebchaws, nws tsis tau tswj kom tso nws cov duab tshiab "Bezhin Meadow" rau ntiav. Cov thawj coj tau ntsib nruj censorship ntawm xinesmas nyob rau hauv Russia, yog li cov nyiam ntawm lub 30s yog cov uas tswj tsis tau tsuas yog rau masters suab xinesmas, tab sis kuj mus recreate lub ideological mythology ntawm lub Great Revolution.
Cov thawj coj hauv qab no tau ua tiav lawv cov txuj ci rau tsoomfwv Soviet: Vasiliev Cov Kwv Tij thiab lawv Chapaev, Mikhail Romm thiab Lenin thaum Lub Kaum Hli, Friedrich Ermler thiab Cov Neeg Loj Loj. Tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, txhua yam tsis yog li deplorable li nws yuav zoo li thaum xub thawj siab ib muag. Stalin nkag siab tias "kev xav" hits yuav tsis ua rau koj nyob deb. Ntawm no tuaj txog lub sijhawm zoo tshaj plaws ntawm tus thawj coj nto moo Grigory Alexandrov, uas tau los ua tus huab tais tiag tiag ntawm kev ua yeeb yam. Thiab nws tus poj niam Lyubov Orlova yog lub hnub qub tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntxaij vab tshaus. Cov yeeb yaj kiab nrov tshaj plaws ntawm Alexandrov yog "Zoo Siab Tshaj Plaws", "Circus", "Volga-Volga".
Tus Tuag Forties - 1941-1949
Kev tsov rog hloov txhua yam. Nws yog nyob rau lub sijhawm no uas cov yeeb yaj kiab puv nkaus tau tshwm sim, qhov chaw ua tsov rog tsis muaj kev yeej yooj yim thiab cov xwm txheej romantic, hauv cov yeeb yaj kiab lawv sim ua kom muaj kev cuam tshuam tag nrho cov kev lim hiam uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau pem hauv ntej. Thawj cov yeeb yaj kiab ua tsov rog muaj xws li "Zaj Zaj", "Ntshai", "Nws Tiv Thaiv Niam", "Zoya". Thaum lub sij hawm no, daim duab kawg ntawm S. Eisenstein, tus masterpiece tragedy "Ivan lub txaus ntshai", pom lub teeb. Ib zaj yeeb yaj kiab thib ob yuav tsum tso tawm, tab sis nws raug txwv los ntawm Stalin.
Ib lub suab nrov uas tau yeejntawm tus nqi ntawm kaum tawm lab tus tib neeg, ua rau ib tug nthwv dej ntawm xinesmas thiab ib tug tshiab puag ncig nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm xinesmas nyob rau hauv Russia, nws yog ua raws li tus cwj pwm cult ntawm Stalin. Piv txwv li, tus thawj coj Kremlin M. Chiaureli hauv nws cov yeeb yaj kiab "Lub Oath" thiab "Lub Caij Nplooj Ntoos Hlav ntawm Berlin" tau qhuas Stalin, nthuav qhia nws yuav luag yog Vajtswv. Thaum kawg ntawm 40s, nws nyuaj heev kom taug qab txhua daim duab, yog li tsoomfwv Soviet tau ua raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus: zoo dua tsawg dua, tab sis zoo dua, nyob rau hauv cov kev cai zoo tshaj plaws ntawm "socialist realism". Cov kab xev hauv qab no tau dhau los ua tus thawj coj ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd: "Kev Sib Tw ntawm Stalingrad", "Zhukovsky", "Spring", "Kuban Tales". Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm xinesmas nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv lub xyoo yog raws li Stalin tus cwj pwm cult.
Thaw - 1950-1968
Zaj yeeb yaj kiab tiag tiag pib tom qab Stalin tuag. Qhov thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub tsib caug los ua ib tug tiag tiag zaj duab xis boom, tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm ib tug ntse nce nyob rau hauv cov yeeb yaj duab ntau lawm, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lub tshwm sim ntawm tshiab directorial thiab ua yeeb yam debuts. Lub sijhawm no tau muaj kev vam meej heev rau Lavxias xinesmas. Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia cov duab "Lub Cranes Flying" los ntawm Mikhail Kalatozov thiab Sergei Urusevsky, uas tau txais lub Palme d'Or ntawm lub Cannes zaj duab xis Success. Tsis yog ib tug Lavxias teb sab zaj duab xis tau tswj kom outdo qhov kev vam meej ntawm nto moo tus thawj coj thiab cameraman thiab coj lub "ceg" nyob rau hauv Cannes. Cov duab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd yog Grigory Chukhrai nrog nws "Ballad of a Soldier" thiab "Clear Sky", Mikhail Romm tau qhia tias nws tseem muaj peev xwm ua yeeb yaj kiab zoo, thiab ua rau lub ntiaj teb ua yeeb yaj kiab masterpiece "Ordinary Fascism".
Comedy era
Cov thawj coj pib tsa cov teeb meem ntawm cov tib neeg zoo tib yam hauv lawv cov kab xev, piv txwv liCov melodramas ntawm Marlen Khutsiev - "Lub Caij Nplooj Ntoos Hlav ntawm Txoj Kev Zarechnaya" thiab "Ob Fyodors" - tau ua tiav tiav rau hauv kev xa tawm thoob plaws. Cov neeg tuaj saib tau txais kev txaus siab tiag tiag los ntawm kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Leonid Gaidai - "Kev Ua Haujlwm Y", "Tus Cuam Tshuam ntawm Caucasus", "Pob Zeb Diamond". Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom tsis txhob hais txog Eldar Ryazanov's comedy "Beware of the car!".
Ntxiv rau cov yeeb yaj kiab thiab Cannes Film Festival, lub sijhawm thaw hauv xinesmas tau muab lub ntiaj teb tau txais Oscar-winning "Kev Tsov Rog thiab Kev Thaj Yeeb" los ntawm S. Bondarchuk, daim duab ua rau muaj kev sib cav tiag tiag. Tab sis lub sij hawm no tau muab rau peb tsis tau tsuas yog cov thawj coj zoo, tab sis kuj tsis muaj tsawg tus neeg ua yeeb yam. Lub 1950s thiab 1960s yog lub ntsiab lus siab rau Oleg Strizhenov, Vyacheslav Tikhonov, Lyudmila Savelyeva, Anastasia Vertinskaya thiab ntau lwm tus neeg txawj ua yeeb yam.
Tswv thaw - 1969-1984
Lub sijhawm no rau kev ua yeeb yaj kiab Lavxias tsis yooj yim. Kev nruj Kremlin censorship tsis pub ntau tus thawj coj txawj ntse los qhia lawv txoj haujlwm. Tab sis, txawm tias muaj teeb meem hauv kev txhim kho ntawm xinesmas, nyob rau hauv cov xyoo ntawd, xinesmas tuaj koom nyob rau hauv Russia tau tuav txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Ntau tshaj li kaum lab tus neeg saib tau saib comedies los ntawm Leonid Gaidai, Georgy Daneliya, Eldar Ryazanov, Vladimir Motyl, Alexander Mitta nrog zoo siab heev. Cov yeeb yaj kiab ntawm cov thawj coj zoo no yog kev txaus siab tiag tiag ntawm Lavxias xinesmas.
V. Menshov's melodrama Moscow Tsis Ntseeg Lub Kua Muag, uas tau txais Oscar rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws txawv teb chaws zaj duab xis, thiab Boris Durov zaj yeeb yaj kiab Pirates ntawm 20th Century ua rau muaj kev vam meej. Thiab, ntawm chav kawm, txhua yamQhov no yuav tsis muaj peev xwm ua tau yam tsis muaj cov neeg txawj ntse tshaj plaws, xws li Oleg Dal, Evgeny Leonov, Andrei Mironov, Anatoly Papanov, Nikolai Eremenko, Margarita Terekhova, Lyudmila Gurchenko, Elena Solovey, Inna Churikova thiab lwm tus.
Perestroika thiab xinesmas - 1985-1991
Lub ntsiab tseem ceeb ntawm lub sijhawm no yog qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm censorship. Tom qab kev kho mob, Elem Klimov thiab nws zaj duab xis "Los Pom" tau los ua tus yeej ntawm Moscow Film Festival xyoo 1985. Los ntawm txoj cai, zaj yeeb yaj kiab no tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau qhov tsis muaj kev hlub tshua tiag tiag ntawm Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob. Qhov kev yooj yim ntawm kev censorship pab txhawb rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm thawj Lavxias teb sab zaj duab xis nrog meej scenes - "Little Vera" los ntawm Vasily Pichula, ua yeeb yaj kiab hauv xyoo 1988.
Txawm li cas los xij, tib neeg tau hloov mus rau hauv lub sijhawm ntawm TV, Asmeskas cov yeeb yaj kiab tau nkag mus rau hauv kev lag luam hauv tsev, thiab kev tuaj koom xinesmas poob qis heev. Txawm hais tias kev poob qis hauv kev mloog rau Lavxias teb sab cov yeeb yaj kiab ntawm ib feem ntawm cov neeg tuaj saib, nyob rau sab hnub poob, Lavxias tus thawj coj tau txais tos qhua ntawm ntau lub koob tsheej thoob ntiaj teb. Xyoo 1991 yog qhov kawg ntawm lub neej ntawm Soviet Union, thiab qhov no tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv xinesmas.
Ob peb zaj yeeb yaj kiab hauv tebchaws tau ua rau kev ua yeeb yam, tab sis hu ua video Halls, uas tau tshuaj xyuas cov yeeb yaj kiab Western xws li Terminator, tau txais koob meej. Lub tswv yim ntawm kev censorship tau zoo li tsis tuaj; ntawm lub rhawv ntawm cov khw tshwj xeeb koj tuaj yeem pom txhua yam koj xav tau. Cov yeeb yaj kiab hauv tsev tsis yog qhov xav tau ntawm tib neeg, cov yeeb yaj kiab rau cov neeg tuaj saib coob tau raug tua tsis muaj kev tshaj lij, nrog cov neeg pluag.kev tshwm sim.
Post-Soviet xinesmas hauv Russia - 1990-2010
Tau kawg, kev tawg ntawm Soviet Union cuam tshuam rau cov xinesmas hauv tsev, thiab Lavxias xinesmas tau poob rau lub sijhawm ntev. Xyoo 1998 default hit directors nyuaj, thiab nyiaj txiag rau kev tsim cov yeeb yaj kiab tau txo qis heev. Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob ua kom cov xinesmas puas thiab muaj tsawg kawg yog qee lub sijhawm rau kev txhim kho, cov yeeb yaj kiab ntiag tug me tau qhib. Cov yeeb yaj kiab uas tau nyiaj ntau tshaj plaws nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd yog cov yeeb yaj kiab Shirley Myrli, Peculiarities of the National Hunt, nrog rau cov yeeb yaj kiab Theef thiab Anchor, More Anchor! Cinema nyob rau hauv lub 90s nyob rau hauv Russia tau ntsib ib tug nyuaj lub sij hawm.
hmoob movie
Qhov kev xav tiag tiag hauv Lavxias xinesmas tau tsim los ntawm daim duab "Txiv Neej", tso tawm xyoo 1997 los ntawm Alexei Balabanov. Xyoo 2000s kuj tau cim los ntawm kev yug los ntawm cov tuam txhab ua yeeb yaj kiab uas tsim cov yeeb yaj kiab hauv TV thiab cov yeeb yaj kiab. Qhov nrov tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog Amedia, KostaFilm thiab Forward Film. Kev ua txhaum series xws li "Txoj Kev ntawm Lub Teeb Hluav Taws Xob", "Gangster Petersburg" thiab lwm yam txaus siab rau kev vam meej nrog cov neeg tuaj saib. Xws li series tau qhia txog qhov tseeb ntawm qhov nyuaj 90s. Melodramatic serials, piv txwv li, "Nplhaib tshoob", "Carmelita" tau nrov heev ntawm cov poj niam cov neeg tuaj saib.
2003 muab lub ntiaj teb zoo thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ua yeeb yaj kiab, xws li "Smeshariki", "Masha thiab Xyooj", "Luntik thiab nws cov phooj ywg". Cinematography maj mam rov qab los ntawm kev kub ntxhov ntev, thiab twb tau tso tawm xyoo 2010 98, thiab hauv 2011 - 103. Lub tsev teev ntuj Lavxias teb sab Orthodox tau siv zog los txhawb nqa Lavxias teb sab xinesmas, ua tsaug rau cov yeeb yaj kiab xws li "Island", "Pop", "Horde" raug tso tawm.
Flourishing after the ntsoog
thawj cov yeeb yaj kiab tsim nyog tom qab muaj kev kub ntxhov yog "Voroshilovsky shooter", "Lub Yim Hli 44th" thiab "Island". 2010 yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg raws li lub xyoo ntawm creation ntawm ib tug tshiab nthwv dej ntawm "urborealism". Cov hauv paus hniav ntawm qhov kev taw qhia no nkag mus tob rau hauv Soviet xinesmas, qhov chaw uas lawv tau sim ua kom pom lub neej zoo tib yam ntawm tib neeg. Xws li cov yeeb yaj kiab muaj xws li "Kev Ua Si hauv Kev Zoo Nkauj", "Big Top Show", "Karaki", "Dab Tsi Txiv Neej Hais Txog" thiab lwm yam.
Los ntawm 90s txog niaj hnub no, cov koom pheej ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation tau tsim lawv tus kheej cinematography. Cov yeeb yaj kiab no tau muab faib rau hauv zos, raws li lawv tau muab tso rau hauv cov lus hauv tebchaws. Thiab hauv qee thaj tsam, qhov kev nyiam ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab hauv zos no siab dua li cov neeg Asmeskas niaj hnub niaj hnub blockbusters.
niaj hnub xinesmas hauv Russia
Hnub no, Lavxias xinesmas yog kev lom zem. Qhov tseeb, 95% ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab raug tso tawm hauv hom ntawv no. Cov qauv no tau piav qhia yooj yim - cov txiaj ntsig siab thiab kev ntaus nqi hauv TV. Cov hom nrov tshaj plaws ntawm Lavxias teb sab xinesmas yog kev ua txhaum cai, comedy thiab keeb kwm. Feem ntau ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab tsim nyog tiag tiag yog imitations ntawm Hollywood. Tsis ntev los no, tau muaj nthwv dej ntawm kev txhawb siab ntawm Soviet xinesmas, tab sis cov neeg thuam thuam cov haujlwm no ua tsis tiav.
Cov thawj coj Lavxias feem ntau raug thuam tsis yog los ntawm cov neeg tuaj saib xwb, tab sis kuj yog cov kws tshaj lij hauvthaj chaw xinesmas. Cov thawj coj uas thuam tshaj yog Nikita Mikhalkov, Fyodor Bondarchuk thiab Timur Bekmambetov. Ntau tus neeg thuam sau tias qhov zoo ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab tso tawm tau qis dua hauv tebchaws Russia, thiab qee tus kws tshaj lij kuj tseem nco txog qhov tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv.
Tam sim no suav nrog cov thawj coj hauv qab no: Yuri Bykov, Nikolai Lebedev, Fyodor Bondarchuk, Nikita Mikhalkov, Andrei Zvyagintsev, Sergei Loban, Timur Bekmambetov thiab lwm tus.
