Ancient Roman lub tswv yim: keeb kwm, cov ntsiab lus thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv loj

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 07:50

Ancient Roman lub tswv yim yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm eclecticism, zoo li tag nrho ntawm lub sijhawm no. Cov kab lis kev cai no tau tsim muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb nrog Greek kev vam meej thiab tib lub sijhawm muaj kev sib koom siab nrog nws. Roman lub tswv yim tsis txaus siab rau qhov xwm txheej ua haujlwm li cas - nws feem ntau yog tham txog lub neej, kov yeej kev nyuaj siab thiab kev phom sij, nrog rau kev sib koom ua ke kev ntseeg, physics, logic thiab ethics.

Qhia txog kev tsim txiaj

Seneca yog ib tus neeg sawv cev zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv Stoic. Nws yog tus kws qhia ntawv ntawm Nero, tus huab tais ntawm Rome thaum ub, paub txog nws lub koob npe phem. Lub tswv yim ntawm Seneca tau tsim tawm hauv cov haujlwm xws li "Cov Ntawv rau Lucilius", "Cov Lus Nug ntawm Xwm". Tab sis Roman Stoicism txawv ntawm classical Greek qauv. Yog li, Zeno thiab Chrysippus suav hais tias yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev xav, thiab physics los ua tus ntsuj plig. Kev ncaj ncees, lawv suav tias yog nws cov leeg. Seneca yog tus tshiab Stoic. Tus ntsuj plig ntawm kev xav thiab ntawm txhua tus tsim txiaj nws hu ua kev ncaj ncees. Yog lawm, nws nyobraws li lawv tej ntsiab cai. Rau qhov tsis pom zoo rau kev tsim txom ntawm nws cov tub kawm ntawv tawm tsam cov ntseeg thiab cov kev tawm tsam, tus huab tais hais kom Seneca tua tus kheej, uas nws tau ua ncaj ncees.

Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Kev txo hwj chim thiab kev kub ntxhov

Lub tswv yim ntawm Greek thaum ub thiab Rome coj Stoicism zoo heev thiab tsim cov kev taw qhia no kom txog rau thaum kawg ntawm lub sijhawm qub. Lwm tus neeg txawj xav ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv no yog Epictetus, thawj tus kws tshawb fawb ntawm lub ntiaj teb thaum ub, uas yog ib tug qhev thaum yug los. Qhov no ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau nws cov kev xav. Epictetus tau qhib rau kev txiav txim siab rau cov qhev ua tib neeg ib yam li txhua tus, uas tsis tuaj yeem nkag mus rau Greek lub tswv yim. Rau nws, stoicism yog ib txoj hauv kev ntawm lub neej, kev tshawb fawb uas tso cai rau koj tswj hwm tus kheej, tsis txhob nrhiav kev txaus siab thiab tsis ntshai kev tuag. Nws tshaj tawm hais tias ib tug yuav tsum tsis txhob xav rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws, tab sis rau yam uas twb muaj lawm. Ces koj yuav tsis poob siab hauv lub neej. Epictetus hu nws lub tswv yim credo apathy, kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev tuag. Qhov no nws hu ua kev mloog lus rau Logos (Vajtswv). Kev txo hwj chim nrog txoj hmoo yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ywj pheej ntawm sab ntsuj plig siab tshaj. Emperor Marcus Aurelius yog ib tug thwjtim ntawm Epictetus.

Nkauj ntseeg

Historians uas kawm txog kev txhim kho ntawm tib neeg kev xav xav txog qhov tshwm sim zoo li lub tswv yim qub los ua ib qho chaw. Ancient tim Nkij teb chaws thiab Ancient Rome tau zoo sib xws nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev. Qhov no yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj tseeb rau lub sij hawm ntawm lig antiquity. Piv txwv li, ob qho tib si Greek thiab Roman xav paub zoo li no tshwm sim raws li kev tsis ntseeg. Qhov no yogkev taw qhia ib txwm tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm poob ntawm loj civilizations. Nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim ntawm Ancient Rome, nws cov neeg sawv cev yog Aeneside los ntawm Knossos (ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv ntawm Pyrrho), Agrippa, Sextus Empiricus. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv tau zoo ib yam rau ib leeg nyob rau hauv uas lawv tawm tsam txhua yam dogmatism. Lawv cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog qhov kev lees paub tias txhua qhov kev qhuab qhia tsis sib haum xeeb thiab tsis lees paub lawv tus kheej, tsuas yog kev tsis ntseeg siab lees txais txhua yam thiab tib lub sijhawm ua rau tsis ntseeg.

Ntawm qhov xwm txheej

Epicureanism yog lwm lub tsev kawm ntawv nrov ntawm Rome thaum ub. Qhov kev xav no tau paub ua tsaug rau Titus Lucretius Carus, uas nyob rau lub sijhawm muaj kev ntxhov siab. Nws yog ib tug neeg txhais lus ntawm Epicurus thiab nyob rau hauv cov paj huam "Rau qhov xwm ntawm tej yam" nyob rau hauv nqe lus nws piav txog nws philosophical system. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, nws piav qhia txog cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm atoms. Lawv yog devoid ntawm tej yam khoom, tab sis lawv tag nrho tsim lub qualities ntawm tej yam. Tus naj npawb ntawm atoms nyob rau hauv xwm yog ib txwm zoo ib yam. Ua tsaug rau lawv, kev hloov pauv ntawm cov teeb meem tshwm sim. Tsis muaj dab tsi los ntawm tsis muaj dab tsi. Lub ntiaj teb muaj ntau yam, lawv tshwm sim thiab tuag raws li txoj cai ntawm ntuj tsim nyog, thiab atoms nyob mus ib txhis. Lub qab ntuj khwb yog infinite, thaum lub sij hawm tsuas muaj nyob rau hauv cov khoom thiab cov txheej txheem, thiab tsis yog los ntawm nws tus kheej.

Epicureanism

Lucretius yog ib tus kws tshaj lij thiab kws sau paj huam ntawm Ancient Rome. Nws txoj kev xav tau txhawb nqa ob qho kev qhuas thiab kev npau taws ntawm nws cov neeg niaj hnub. Nws pheej sib cav nrog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lwm cov lus qhia, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrog cov neeg tsis ntseeg. Lucretius ntseeg hais tias lawv nyob rau hauv vain xav txog kev tshawb fawb tsis muaj nyob, vim hais tias tsis yog li ntawd peb yuav tas li.xav tias txhua hnub lub hnub tshiab sawv. Lub caij no, peb paub zoo kawg nkaus tias qhov no yog ib qho thiab tib lub luminary. Lucretius kuj thuam Platonic lub tswv yim ntawm kev hloov ntawm cov ntsuj plig. Nws hais tias txij li thaum tus neeg tuag lawm, nws tsis muaj teeb meem nws tus ntsuj plig mus qhov twg. Ob yam khoom thiab lub hlwb nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg yog yug, loj hlob thiab tuag. Lucretius kuj xav txog keeb kwm ntawm kev vam meej. Nws tau sau tias tib neeg thawj zaug nyob hauv lub xeev muaj kev nyab xeeb mus txog thaum lawv paub txog hluav taws. Thiab tib neeg tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev pom zoo ntawm tib neeg. Lucretius tau tshaj tawm ib yam ntawm Epicurean atheism thiab tib lub sijhawm thuam Roman kev lis kev cai dhau los.

Rhetoric

Tus neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm eclecticism ntawm Ancient Rome, uas nws lub tswv yim yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm tsab xov xwm no, yog Marcus Tullius Cicero. Nws suav hais tias rhetoric yog lub hauv paus ntawm txhua qhov kev xav. Cov nom tswv thiab cov neeg hais lus no tau sim ua ke Roman kev ntshaw rau kev tsim txiaj thiab Greek kos duab ntawm kev xav. Nws yog Cicero uas tau tsim lub tswv yim ntawm "humanitas", uas tam sim no peb siv dav hauv kev hais lus nom tswv thiab pej xeem. Hauv kev tshawb fawb, tus neeg xav no tuaj yeem raug hu ua encyclopedist. Raws li kev coj ncaj ncees thiab kev coj ncaj ncees, hauv cheeb tsam no nws ntseeg tias txhua qhov kev qhuab qhia mus rau kev tsim txiaj ntawm nws tus kheej. Yog li ntawd, txhua tus neeg kawm ntawv yuav tsum paub txhua txoj kev paub thiab lees txais lawv. Thiab txhua yam kev nyuaj siab txhua hnub tau kov yeej los ntawm lub siab xav.

tsev kawm txuj ci thiab kev ntseeg

Nyob lub sij hawm no, ib txwmancient philosophy. Ancient Rome zoo lees txais cov lus qhia ntawm Plato thiab nws cov thwjtim. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, cov tsev kawm philosophical thiab kev cai dab qhuas uas koom ua ke rau sab hnub poob thiab sab hnub tuaj yog fashionable. Cov lus nug tseem ceeb uas cov lus qhia no tau tsa yog kev sib raug zoo thiab kev tawm tsam ntawm tus ntsuj plig thiab qhov teeb meem.

Ib qho kev nyiam tshaj plaws yog neo-Pythagoreanism. Nws txhawb lub tswv yim ntawm ib tug Vajtswv ib leeg thiab lub ntiaj teb uas muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb. Cov Neo-Pythagoreans ntseeg hauv cov khawv koob ntawm cov lej. Ib tug neeg nto moo heev ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv no yog Apollonius ntawm Tyana, uas Apuleius thuam hauv nws Metamorphoses. Ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse Loos, cov lus qhia ntawm Philo ntawm Alexandria, uas tau sim ua ke Judaism nrog Platonism, dominated. Nws ntseeg tias Yehauvas tau yug lub Logos uas tsim lub ntiajteb. Tsis xav tias Engels ib zaug hu ua Philo "tus txiv ntxawm ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv."

Lub tsev kawm ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm kev xav ntawm Ancient Rome suav nrog Neoplatonism. Cov neeg xav txog cov qauv no tau tsim cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm cov neeg nruab nrab - emanations - ntawm Vajtswv thiab lub ntiaj teb. Cov Neoplatonists uas nto moo tshaj plaws yog Ammonius Sakkas, Plotinus, Iamblichus, Proclus. Lawv tshaj tawm polytheism. Philosophically, Neoplatonists tshawb nrhiav cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim raws li qhia txog qhov tshiab thiab nyob mus ib txhis rov qab los. Lawv suav hais tias Vajtswv yog tus tsim, pib, qhov tseem ceeb, thiab lub hom phiaj ntawm txhua yam. Tus Creator nchuav tawm mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, thiab yog li ntawd ib tug neeg nyob rau hauv ib yam ntawm frenzy yuav sawv rau Nws. Lub xeev no lawv hu ua ecstasy. Ze rau Iamblichus yog cov neeg sib tw nyob mus ib txhis ntawm Neoplatonists - Gnostics. Lawv ntseeg tias kev phem muaj nws tus kheejqhov pib, thiab tag nrho cov emanation yog tshwm sim ntawm qhov tseeb tias creation tau pib tawm tsam Vajtswv lub siab nyiam.

Lub tswv yim ntawm Ancient Rome tau piav qhia luv luv saum toj no. Peb pom tias qhov kev xav ntawm lub sijhawm no tau cuam tshuam los ntawm nws cov neeg ua ntej. Cov no yog Greek natural philosophers, Stoics, Platonists, Pythagoreans. Tau kawg, cov neeg Loos tau hloov pauv lossis tsim lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov tswv yim yav dhau los. Tab sis nws yog lawv popularization uas ua pov thawj thaum kawg pab tau rau ancient philosophy tag nrho. Tom qab tag nrho, nws yog ua tsaug rau Roman philosophers uas medieval Europe tau ntsib cov Greeks thiab pib kawm lawv yav tom ntej.