Kev saib xyuas ib puag ncig txhais tau tias taug qab ntau yam kev ntsuas ib puag ncig, yog tias lawv cuam tshuam nrog ecology. Feem ntau siv los saib xyuas qhov zoo ntawm atmospheric huab cua, dej, av. Reserves saib xyuas lub xeev ntawm natural ecosystems. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv tau txais, nws muaj peev xwm kos qhov xaus ntawm lub xeev ntawm ib puag ncig.
Kev saib xyuas ib puag ncig tuaj yeem nqa ncaj qha ntawm kev lag luam, nyob ib puag ncig nws, hauv kev sib haum xeeb thiab deb ntawm qhov chaw ntawm tib neeg kev lag luam. Qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws thiab nkag tau yooj yim tshaj plaws yog kev saib xyuas hauv zos, thiab qhov nyuaj thiab nyuaj tshaj plaws yog biospheric.
Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev taug qab tuaj yeem ntsuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm tib neeg kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub xeev ib puag ncig (OS) thiab tsim lub tswv yim los txo nws. Thaum kawg, nws pab txhawb kev txhim kho tag nrho ib puag ncig hauv ntiaj teb. Kev soj ntsuam txoj hauv kev yog nyob ntawm hom emissions thiab lub hom phiaj.
History
Kev soj ntsuam yog thawj zaug tau tham hauv xyoo 1971 ntawm UNESCO. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov kws tshawb fawb Soviet tau pib tham txog cov ncauj lus no. Lawv hais rau qhov xav tau los tsim biosphere reserves uas nws yuav muaj peev xwm saib xyuas lub xeev ntawm ib puag ncig hauv thaj chaw deb ntawm tib neeg kev ua haujlwm.
Xyoo 1972, Asmeskas cov kws tshawb fawb tau ua tiav lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev saib xyuas ib puag ncig raws li kev soj ntsuam thiab kev tswj hwm lub xeev ntawm ib puag ncig, taug qab cov kev hloov pauv uas tshwm sim los ntawm cov dej num anthropogenic thiaj li ua tiav kev tswj hwm ib puag ncig.
Hauv USSR, tus thawj coj ntawm kev pabcuam hydrometeorological, Yu. A. Israel, thiab kws tshaj lij IP Gerasimov, uas xyoo 1975 tau luam tawm ib tsab xov xwm ntawm nws cov hauv paus kev tshawb fawb, koom nrog kev txhim kho cov hauv paus ntawm kev saib xyuas ib puag ncig. Nws txheeb xyuas 3 theem ntawm kev saib xyuas: cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm tib neeg lub cev rau cov pa phem, lub xeev ntawm ntuj thiab anthropogenic ecosystems, thiab ntiaj teb no tsis muaj biosphere.
Spatial division of monitoring
Raws li qhov loj ntawm thaj chaw soj ntsuam, kev saib xyuas hauv zos, cheeb tsam, lub teb chaws thiab thoob ntiaj teb yog qhov txawv. Tsis muaj ib thaj tsam meej ntawm lawv. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias tsis muaj cov txheej txheem los ntawm kev soj ntsuam tuaj yeem muab rau ib qho ntawm cov hom no. Hauv tebchaws Russia, kev saib xyuas hauv cheeb tsam txhais tau tias saib xyuas hauv ib qho kev kawm ntawm Lavxias Federation. Tej zaum kuj yuav muaj kev saib xyuas thoob ntiaj teb thiab saib xyuas thaj chaw dej. Lub tebchaws muaj kev pabcuam hauv ib lub xeev.
Kev saib xyuas thoob ntiaj teb yog qhov tsis sib xws ntawm kev saib xyuas hauv zos. Nws lub ntsiab khoom yog tag nrho biosphere. Cov pa phem nyob ntev tau kis thoob plaws ntiaj teb, yog li lawv tau kawm ua ib feem ntawm kev saib xyuas thoob ntiaj teb.
Kev saib xyuas hauv zos tso cai rau koj los ntsuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm ib qho kev ua qias tuaj ntawm ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb lossis thaj chaw.
Kev faib los ntawm cov khoom ntawm kev soj ntsuam
Raws li qhov kev faib tawm no, kev soj ntsuam ib puag ncig tuaj yeem yog: keeb kwm yav dhau, thematic, thaj chaw, cuam tshuam. Territorial muab faib ua av (hauv av) thiab dej (hauv hiav txwv thiab dej hiav txwv). Hauv qhov thib ob, lawv tham txog kev saib xyuas ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv.
Nrog kev saib xyuas keeb kwm yav dhau los, kev hloov pauv thiab lub xeev ntawm cov complexes thiab cov khoom raug kawm. Nrog rau qhov cuam tshuam, kev soj ntsuam tau ua tiav hauv thaj chaw ntawm qhov chaw tshwj xeeb thiab cov khoom txaus ntshai, piv txwv li, nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag.
Nyob rau hauv kev kawm thematic ntawm ib tug neeg tej yam ntuj tso, piv txwv li, steppe, hav zoov, dej, tiv thaiv.
Lwm yam kev faib
Tseem muaj lwm qhov kev faib tawm ntawm kev saib xyuas ib puag ncig, raws li kev saib xyuas tuaj yeem yog atmospheric, hydrological, geological, geophysical, forestry, av, biological, zoological, geobotanical, nrog rau hauv zos, xeev, pej xeem, departmental.
Cov ncauj lus ua kev saib xyuas ib puag ncig tuaj yeem yog cov koom haum pej xeem, cov tib neeg, cov lag luam, cov kev pabcuam hauv xeev thiab hauv nroog.
Local ecologicalsaib xyuas
Qhov no yog ib txoj hauv kev rau kev saib xyuas ib puag ncig tsis zoo hauv thaj tsam ntawm kev lag luam tshwj xeeb lossis lwm qhov chaw lag luam. Yog li, kev saib xyuas hauv zos yog hom kev saib xyuas ib puag ncig zoo tshaj plaws. Nws yog ua los ntawm cov chaw lag luam lawv tus kheej. Nws yog lawv uas yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev ua raws li cov qauv thiab cov kev cai ntawm cov qib tso cai ntawm kev cuam tshuam rau ib puag ncig. Cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov kev soj ntsuam no raug xa mus rau Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) lossis Ministry of Ecology ntawm Lavxias Federation raws li daim ntawv lees paub thiab xa daim ntawv thov.
Cov khoom ntawm kev saib xyuas hauv zos yog qhov chaw muaj kuab lom thiab cov koom haum (cov koom haum) uas yog lub luag haujlwm rau lawv.
Yeej, qhov kev ntsuas no yog ua los ntawm cov cuab yeej siv thiab kev sim ntsuas. Cov subdivisions ntawm Ministry of Natural Resources txheeb xyuas qhov chaw ntawm huab cua paug thiab lwm yam xov xwm. Hauv qhov no, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los txiav txim siab qhov ntim thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov khoom emissions. Kev soj ntsuam tau npog 18380 cov tuam txhab nyob hauv 459 lub nroog ntawm Lavxias Federation. Kev tswj yuav ua tau ob lub xeev thiab departmental.
Lub cev tshuaj xyuas tshwj xeeb tswj xyuas cov haujlwm ntawm cov haujlwm hauv chaw kuaj mob uas txiav txim siab qhov ntim thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm emissions thiab tso tawm los ntawm kev lag luam.
Yam khoom twg yooj yim dua?
Nws yog qhov yooj yim tshaj los saib xyuas lub network hauv zos ntawm cov lag luam loj uas muaj cov kav dej tsis tu ncua. Ntawm cov chaw zoo li no, cov sensors tuaj yeem ntsia ncaj qha rau hauv cov yeeb nkab. Qhov teeb meem yuav yogCov khoom siv tsis txaus nrog cov khoom siv ntsuas thiab nws qhov tsis zoo. Yog li ntawd, nws raug pom zoo kom yuav cov cuab yeej txawv teb chaws siab dua uas tso cai rau koj txhawm rau txheeb xyuas ntau yam ntawm cov pa phem.
Lwm cov lag luam ua haujlwm tawm qhov kev tawm suab tawm los ntawm cov yeeb nkab tshwj xeeb. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws kuj yog advisable rau nruab cov khoom nyob rau hauv cov yeeb nkab.
Pab pawg thib peb suav nrog cov khoom uas muaj kev khiav tawm thiab tsis muaj cov kav dej. Piv txwv li, cov mines thee, qhov twg spontaneous combustion ntawm pob zeb heaps (heaps) yog ua tau, thiab kev tso tawm ntawm lub mine ncej nyob ntawm qhov kev siv ntawm thee mining. Cov khib nyiab pov tseg, chaw nres tsheb roj, chaw tsim kho, tsev noj mov, chaw nres tsheb ciav hlau thiab lwm yam lag luam kuj txawv ntawm qhov tsis sib xws ntawm cov pa tawm. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau txiav txim siab npaum li cas ntawm emission pollutants.
Kev saib xyuas hauv zos thiab tswj
Raws li cov kev cai ntawm cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb ISO 14000, nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm kev ua haujlwm ib puag ncig ntawm lub tuam txhab, muaj 2 qhov tseem ceeb:
- kev saib xyuas ib puag ncig kev lag luam;
- kev lag luam ib puag ncig tswj.
Daim ntawv pov thawj raws li cov qauv no feem ntau siv hauv Asmeskas, Tuam Tshoj, Nyiv, Ltalis, Spain, Tebchaws Askiv. Nws muab qee qhov zoo rau cov tuam txhab tsim khoom thaum muag lawv cov khoom lag luam thoob ntiaj teb, nrog rau kev txhim kho kev sib raug zoo nrog cov zej zog, tub ceev xwm thiab cov neeg siv khoom. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv txo qistus nqi ntawm kev them nyiaj nplua rau ib puag ncig cov khoom, qhov cuam tshuam tsis zoo ntawm ib puag ncig raug txo kom tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj rau kev lag luam ntawm kev lag luam, kev sib tw ntawm cov khoom tsim tau loj hlob.
Txhua lub lag luam yuav tsum tau tswj hwm lub xeev cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg, thiab kev soj ntsuam cov txiaj ntsig tuaj yeem siv los tsim lub tswv yim los txo cov kev puas tsuaj rau ib puag ncig thiab ua lub hauv paus rau kev tswj hwm kev txiav txim siab.
Zoo kawg
Yog li, lub hauv paus saib xyuas hauv zos tsuas yog siv rau kev lag luam xwb (lossis lwm qhov chaw lag luam) thiab thaj chaw uas nyob ib sab. Qhov no yog vim li cas rau nws lub npe. Kev saib xyuas hauv cheeb tsam yog nws qhov tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb. Txawm li cas los xij, rau kev ntsuas dav dav ntawm qhov xwm txheej muaj kuab paug, qhov no, ntawm chav kawm, tsis txaus. Yog li ntawd, cov chaw soj nstuam nyob ruaj ruaj thiab mobile nyob deb ntawm qhov chaw muaj kuab paug, satellite suab nrov, kev soj ntsuam los ntawm cov nkoj, ib puag ncig bypasses, nrog rau cov chaw nres tsheb biospheric. Ntau hom kev ua qias tuaj thiab lub hom phiaj xav tau kev tshawb fawb sib txawv.
