Kev txo cov khoom lag luam zoo ua rau muaj kev xav tau ntawm cov khoom ntxiv

Cov txheej txheem:

Kev txo cov khoom lag luam zoo ua rau muaj kev xav tau ntawm cov khoom ntxiv
Kev txo cov khoom lag luam zoo ua rau muaj kev xav tau ntawm cov khoom ntxiv

Video: Kev txo cov khoom lag luam zoo ua rau muaj kev xav tau ntawm cov khoom ntxiv

Video: Kev txo cov khoom lag luam zoo ua rau muaj kev xav tau ntawm cov khoom ntxiv
Video: Saib Mis paub Poj niam (hluas nkauj) tus yam ntxwv lub siab 2024, Kaum ib hlis
Anonim

Txoj cai ntawm kev xa khoom thiab kev thov yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam. Yog tsis muaj nws txoj kev nkag siab nws tsis tuaj yeem piav qhia nws ua haujlwm li cas. Yog li ntawd, nws yog nrog kev kawm txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev muab khoom thiab kev thov uas txhua yam kev kawm hauv kev tshawb xav txog nyiaj txiag pib. Txij li thaum hom kev tswj hwm nyob rau hauv feem ntau niaj hnub lub teb chaws ntawm lub ntiaj teb no yog kev lag luam kev lag luam, kev paub txog txoj cai tseem ceeb no yuav pab tau rau txhua tus neeg. Nws tso cai rau peb kom nkag siab tias qhov txo qis hauv kev muab khoom zoo ua rau muaj kev xav tau ntau ntxiv rau nws cov khoom hloov thiab poob rau hauv cov khoom ntxiv. Tab sis kuj muaj kev zam. Hnub no tsab xov xwm yuav mob siab rau lub ntsiab lus no.

kev txo qis hauv kev muab khoom zoo ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv
kev txo qis hauv kev muab khoom zoo ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv

Brief

Feem ntau, tus nqi qis dua, cov neeg siv khoom txaus siab yuav ntau dua. Yog li hauv cov lus yooj yooj yim koj tuaj yeem tsim txoj cai ntawm kev thov. Tus nqi siab dua, cov neeg tsim khoom ntau duanpaj tso tawm cov khoom. Qhov no yog txoj cai ntawm kev muab khoom. Yog li, peb tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias, txhua yam khoom sib npaug, tus nqi qis ntawm qhov zoo, qhov ntau dua cov neeg siv khoom txaus siab yuav thiab cov neeg tsim khoom tsawg txaus siab tsim. Txoj cai ntawm kev muab khoom thiab kev thov yog thawj zaug tsim los ntawm Alfred Marshall xyoo 1890.

tus nqi ntawm cov khoom
tus nqi ntawm cov khoom

Txoj cai ntawm kev muab khoom thiab xav tau

Lub ntsiab lus uas ob txoj kab sib tshuam qhia qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov zoo thiab nws cov nqi lag luam. Hauv nws, kev thov sib npaug ntawm cov khoom siv. Qhov no yog lub xeev ntawm kev sib npaug zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias nws ib txwm ua li no, kev lag luam yuav tsis muaj kev txhim kho, vim tias kev kub ntxhov tau nce zuj zus, txawm hais tias lawv coj nrog lawv cov kev cuam tshuam loj ntawm kev lag luam.

Tab sis rov qab rau qhov kev thov. Nws sawv cev rau tus nqi ntawm qhov zoo uas tus neeg siv khoom txaus siab yuav ntawm tus nqi muab. Qhov loj ntawm kev thov tsis yog tsuas yog lub siab xav, tab sis kev txaus siab los yuav ib qho ntawm cov khoom. Ntxiv rau tus nqi, nws tseem cuam tshuam los ntawm theem ntawm cov nyiaj tau los ntawm cov pej xeem, qhov loj ntawm kev ua lag luam, zam, muaj cov khoom hloov pauv, thiab kev cia siab nyiaj txiag. Qhov kev zam rau txoj cai uas xav tau nce thaum tus nqi lag luam poob yog Giffen cov khoom, uas peb yuav tham hauv qab no.

Raws li qhov kev thov, nws tsis yog tsuas yog lub siab xav xwb, tab sis kuj yog qhov kev npaj ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom los muab nws cov khoom muag ntawm lub khw ntawm tus nqi muab. Qhov no yog vim qhov tsis sib xws ntawm cov nqi ntawm ib chav tsev ntawm cov khoom, raug nce hauv cov txiaj ntsig. Ntxiv nrog rau cov nqi, cov khoom siv tau cuam tshuam los ntawm kev muaj cov khoom hloov pauv, cov khoom ntxiv, qib ntawm cov thev naus laus zis, se,nyiaj pab, kev nce nqi thiab kev cia siab ntawm kev lag luam, kev lag luam loj.

Lub tswvyim ntawm elasticity

qhov ntsuas no qhia qhov hloov pauv hauv cov kev xav tau lossis cov khoom siv los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm tus nqi qib. Yog tias qhov txo qis hauv qhov kawg ua rau qhov feem pua ntawm kev muag khoom loj dua, ces qhov kev thov tau hais tias yog elastic. Ntawd yog, qhov no, peb tuaj yeem hais tias qhov no yog qib ntawm kev nkag siab ntawm cov neeg siv khoom rau tus nqi txoj cai ntawm cov tuam txhab.

Txawm li cas los xij, koj yuav tsum nkag siab tias elasticity kuj tseem cuam tshuam rau theem ntawm cov nyiaj tau los ntawm cov neeg yuav khoom. Yog tias qhov tom kawg thiab qhov xav tau hloov pauv los ntawm tib feem pua, ces qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev xav yog sib npaug rau ib qho. Cov ntaub ntawv kev lag luam feem ntau hais txog kev xav tau zoo kawg nkaus thiab tsis muaj zog.

Piv txwv li, xav txog kev noj mov ci thiab ntsev. Qhov kev thov rau cov khoom no zoo kawg nkaus inelastic. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias qhov nce lossis txo qis hauv lawv cov nqi tsis cuam tshuam rau qhov xav tau rau lawv. Paub txog qib ntawm elasticity yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau cov tuam ntxhab. Tsis muaj ib qho tshwj xeeb hauv kev nce nqi ntawm mov ci thiab ntsev. Tab sis qhov txo qis ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov khoom lag luam nrog kev xav tau siab yuav ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua.

Qhov no yog raws nraim li nws tau txais txiaj ntsig los ua lag luam hauv kev lag luam muaj kev sib tw, vim tias cov neeg yuav khoom yuav cuam tshuam rau tus neeg muag khoom tam sim ntawd, nws cov khoom pheej yig dua. Rau cov khoom uas tsis tshua muaj elasticity ntawm kev thov, kev txiav txim siab tus nqi txoj cai yog qhov tsis lees txais, vim tias qhov hloov pauv me ntsis ntawm cov khoom muag tsis them rau cov txiaj ntsig poob.

Coefficientelasticity ntawm mov yog xam raws li qhov quotient ntawm qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov ntau ntawm cov khoom tsim tau muab faib los ntawm kev nce lossis txo tus nqi (ob qhov ntsuas yuav tsum tau qhia raws li feem pua). Nws nyob ntawm tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov txheej txheem tso tawm, nws lub sijhawm thiab lub peev xwm ntawm cov khoom rau kev khaws cia ntev. Yog hais tias qhov nce ntawm cov khoom ntau tshaj qhov nce ntawm tus nqi, ces nws yog hu ua elastic.

Txawm li cas los xij, koj yuav tsum nkag siab tias cov chaw tsim khoom tsis tas yuav muaj sijhawm los hloov kho sai sai. Nws tsis tuaj yeem nce tus naj npawb ntawm cov tsheb tsim hauv ib lub lis piam, txawm hais tias tus nqi ntawm lawv tuaj yeem nce siab. Hauv qhov no, peb tuaj yeem tham txog cov khoom siv tsis zoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus coefficient nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim siab yuav qis rau cov khoom uas tsis tuaj yeem khaws cia ntev.

cov khoom ntxiv
cov khoom ntxiv

nraaj

Kev thov nkhaus qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus nqi theem hauv khw thiab cov khoom lag luam uas cov neeg siv khoom txaus siab yuav. Ib feem ntawm daim duab no qhia txog qhov sib npaug sib npaug ntawm cov khoom no. Cov khoom siv nkhaus qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus nqi theem hauv kev ua lag luam thiab qhov ntim ntawm cov khoom uas cov neeg tsim khoom txaus siab muag. Ib feem ntawm daim duab no qhia txog kev sib piv ncaj qha ntawm cov khoom no.

Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm ob kab no qhia txog qhov sib npaug ntawm cov khoom thiab tus nqi uas yuav tsim nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam. Daim ntawv qhia no qee zaum hu ua "Marshall's txiab" vim nws qhov tsos. Kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom siv nkhaus mus rau txoj cai-down txhais tau hais tias tus neeg tsim khoom tau txo cov nqi ntawm ib chav tsev ntawm cov khoom. Yog li ntawd, nws pom zootus nqi qis dua.

Kev txo nqi feem ntau yog vim muaj kev qhia txog cov thev naus laus zis tshiab lossis txhim kho lub koom haum ntawm kev tsim khoom. Kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom siv nkhaus mus rau sab laug-up, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev lag luam. Ntawm txhua qib qub tus nqi, cov neeg tsim khoom yuav txaus siab tsim cov khoom me me ntawm qhov zoo. Ib qho kev txo qis hauv kev muab khoom zoo ua rau muaj kev xav tau ntau ntxiv rau cov khoom siv hloov pauv thiab qhov kev xav tau ntawm cov khoom ntxiv. Tab sis nws puas yog ib txwm yooj yim?

cov khoom zoo sib xws
cov khoom zoo sib xws

khoom lag luam ywj pheej

Pab pawg no suav nrog cov khoom uas nws qhov kev xav tau ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm xoom. Cov no yog cov txiaj ntsig uas tsis ntxiv lossis hloov ib leeg. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov khoom no yog lub tsheb thiab qhob cij.

pawg khoom no suav nrog cov khoom sib ntxiv lossis tau noj ib txhij.

Ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov zoo sib xws yog lub tsheb thiab roj av. Cov no yog cov khoom siv ntxiv. Tus ntoo khaub lig elasticity ntawm lawv qhov kev thov yog tsawg dua xoom. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias qhov kev txo qis hauv cov khoom ntawm qhov zoo ua rau txo qis ntawm qhov yuav khoom ntawm lwm tus. Qhov kev thov rau cov khoom ntxiv ib txwm txav mus rau tib qho kev taw qhia. Yog tias tus nqi ntawm ib qho ntawm cov khoom no nce, ces cov neeg siv khoom pib yuav tsawg dua ntawm lwm tus.

Rau cov khoom ntxiv, nws tsis tuaj yeem hais tias kev txo qis ntawm cov khoom zoo ua rau muaj kev xav tau ntau ntxiv rau qhov thib ob. Vim li cas peb thiaj xav tau roj av yog tias peb tsis muaj peev xwm yuav tsheb. Txij li cov no yog cov khoom sib ntxiv, qhov nce ntawm tus nqi ntawm ib qho ntawm lawv ua rau txo qis hauv kev thov raulwm. Thiab qhov no cuam tshuam li cas rau kev lag luam tag nrho? Tus nqi tau tsa los ntawm cov neeg muag khoom ntawm ib yam khoom, thiab qhov txo qis hauv cov nyiaj tau los kuj tau pom ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom ntawm nws cov khoom ntxiv.

cov khoom tseem ceeb
cov khoom tseem ceeb

Kev hloov pauv

Pab pawg no suav nrog cov khoom lag luam uas hloov ib leeg. Piv txwv ntawm kev hloov pauv yog, piv txwv li, ntau hom tshuaj yej. Cov khoom zoo sib xws muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo sib xws thiab ua rau muaj kev xav tau tshwj xeeb ntawm cov neeg yuav khoom. Lawv tus ntoo khaub lig elasticity yog ntau tshaj xoom. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias qhov txo qis ntawm cov khoom siv zoo ua rau muaj kev xav tau ntau ntxiv rau nws cov khoom hloov.

Kev poob ntawm tus nqi ntawm ib hom tshuaj yej yuav ua rau ntau tus neeg siv khoom tso tseg cov hom khoom uas lawv tau siv thiab hloov mus rau nws yog tias nws ua tau raws li txhua yam tsis zoo.

Yog li, cov khoom zoo sib xws sib tw nrog lwm tus, yuam cov tuam txhab nrhiav kom txo tus nqi ntawm lawv qhov kev tso tawm. Txawm li cas los xij, kuj tseem muaj qhov tshwj xeeb ntsig txog kev coj tus cwj pwm, uas peb yuav tham tom qab.

thov sib npaug kev muab khoom
thov sib npaug kev muab khoom

khoom tseem ceeb thiab khoom kim heev

Cov khoom uas tsis zoo lossis cov khoom qis yog muab faib ua ib pab pawg. Lawv peculiarity yog tias qhov kev thov rau lawv txo qis nrog kev nce hauv cov nyiaj tau los ntawm cov pejxeem. Cov neeg nplua nuj, qhov tsawg lawv nyiam yuav lawv. Ib rooj plaub tshwj xeeb yog qhov hu ua Giffen effect.

Txawm li cas los xij, cov khoom qis tsis yog cov khoom tseem ceeb. Cov tom kawg yog cov khoom, qhov kev thov uas tsis nyob ntawm theem ntawm cov nyiaj tau los. Lawv koom nrogkev siv nyiaj txo qis, tab sis kev noj nws tus kheej tseem zoo li qub. Lawv cov nyiaj tau los elasticity tsawg dua kev sib sau. Cais, koj yuav tsum xav txog cov khoom kim heev. Lawv noj tau nce sai dua li cov nyiaj tau los loj hlob.

hloov nyob rau hauv cov khoom nkhaus
hloov nyob rau hauv cov khoom nkhaus

Giffen khoom

Lub tswv yim no muaj feem cuam tshuam, zoo li qhov txuas ntxiv, rau lub tswv yim ntawm tus nqi elasticity. Cov khoom no suav nrog, piv txwv li, qhob cij thiab qos yaj ywm rau Russia, thiab mov thiab pasta rau Tuam Tshoj. Cov nyhuv Giffen piav qhia vim li cas qhov nce ntawm tus nqi tuaj yeem ua rau qhov kev thov nce ntxiv.

Tseeb, qhov nce ntawm tus nqi ntawm qos yaj ywm ua rau muaj kev ua lag luam. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav zoo li, nws yuav muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua los tso tseg nws nyiam, piv txwv li, pasta lossis cereals. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis yog qhov kev coj ua.

Veblen Effect

Lub tswv yim no piav qhia lwm qhov sib txawv ntawm kev coj ua los ntawm kev xav. Hauv qhov no, tus nqi ntawm cov khoom txo qis, uas ua rau tsis muaj kev nce ntxiv, tab sis txo qis hauv kev thov. Cov nyhuv Veblen yog txuam nrog kev noj haus.

Yog li ntawd, kev nce nqi ntawm cov khoom no ua rau muaj kev nce hauv lawv cov khoom siv. Feem ntau qhov no tshwm sim nrog cov khoom kim heev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov duab kos duab. Qhov no yog lwm qhov kev zam rau txoj cai ntawm kev muab khoom thiab kev thov. Lawv qhov kev yuav khoom yog vim lawv cov xwm txheej, yog li ntawd, tus nqi siab yog qhov zoo dua rau cov neeg yuav khoom.

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