MPC yog dab tsi? Kev tso cai siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom tsis zoo hauv huab cua

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 07:50

MAC ntawm cov khoom tsis zoo yog tus nqi tso cai ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj kuab lom nyob hauv av, dej lossis huab cua, uas tsis cuam tshuam - ncaj qha lossis tsis ncaj - cuam tshuam rau cov kab mob muaj sia. Cov nqi hauv cov chav tsim nyog yog txiav txim siab los ntawm kev tshawb fawb toxicological.

yam ntxwv ntawm MPC raws li ib lub 'meter'

MPC yog dab tsi hauv kev tswj hwm ib puag ncig? Qhov no yog lub ntsiab qhia ntawm kev lag luam ecology, uas tag nrho cov kev lag luam raug coj los ntawm. MPC qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom yog muab los thiab muab faib raws li hom tshuaj qauv thiab toxicological cuam tshuam rau cov kab mob nyob. GOSTs tau tsim, ua raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua.

Nyob ntawm ib puag ncig uas pom muaj teeb meem tshuaj, MPC raug ntsuas hauv:

• mg/dm³ - rau kev ntsuas hauv hydrosphere;
• mg/m³ - rau kev ntsuas hauv huab cua thiab chaw ua haujlwm huab cua;
• mg/kg - los txiav txim qhov ntsuas hauv av.

Thaum muab tus nqi MPC, kev cuam tshuam tsis yog rau tib neeg nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj rautag nrho cov muaj sia nyob hauv dav dav. Ua raws li cov qauv tsim tso cai rau koj kom txuag tau tag nrho cov ecosystem, thiab tsis yog ib hom tsiaj thiab tsiaj txhu.

Kev faib tawm

Ntau tshaj qhov txwv txwv ntawm cov tshuaj phem, nyob ntawm seb qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov kab mob muaj sia, muab faib ua 4 pawg phom sij:

1. I chav kawm - txaus ntshai heev.
2. II hoob no txaus ntshai heev.
3. III chav kawm yog txaus ntshai.
4. chav kawm IV - txaus ntshai heev.

Raws li qhov muaj kuab paug rau cov pab pawg muaj kev phom sij, nws MPC thiab lub sijhawm siv nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig ntawm cov kab mob nyob hauv qhov muaj cov tshuaj lom neeg hloov pauv.

Ntau yam ntawm MPC

Raws li cov kev ntsuas ib puag ncig, ntau MPC qhov tseem ceeb tau muab los.

Rau thaj chaw muaj kev lag luam faib:

• MPKr.z. - siv los ntsuas qhov huv ntawm qhov chaw ntawm qhov chaw ua haujlwm. Qhov chaw ua haujlwm yog qhov chaw uas cov neeg ua haujlwm nyob hauv lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, suav nrog 2 meters siab dua qib ntawm qhov chaw. Cov coefficient qhia txog cov pa phem hauv huab cua uas tsis ua rau muaj kev sib txawv ntawm tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv rau ntau xyoo lawm.
• MPCp.p. - faib ntawm cov tuam txhab lag luam lossis ntawm qhov chaw sib cais. Feem ntau, tus nqi yog npaum li 0.3 MAC.z.

Rau cheeb tsam nroog, muaj lwm yam qauv rau lub xeev ecological ntawm huab cua, uas yog txiav txim los ntawm cov nram qab no coefficients:

• MPCn.p. - tag nrho cov nqi tso caipollutant nyob rau hauv cov huab cua ntawm kev sib hais haum. Cais, qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov nruab nrab txhua hnub thiab qhov siab tshaj plaws ib zaug muaj kuab paug ntawm ib puag ncig yog qhov txawv.
• MPCm.r. - tus nqi ntawm cov pa phem nyob rau hauv cov huab cua ntawm ib cheeb tsam nroog nyob rau hauv lub siab tshaj plaws qhia, uas yog tso cai rau ib tug inhalation. Cov coefficient yog xam nyob rau hauv xws li ib txoj kev uas cov tshuaj tsis ua ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv rau cov tshuaj irritants thaum lub sij hawm luv luv raug (tsis pub tshaj 20 feeb).
• MPCs.s. - tswj tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj phem hauv qhov concentration uas tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv, yog tias nws nqus tau ib ncig ntawm lub moos.

Nws yuav tsum nkag siab tias MPC ntawm qhov chaw ua haujlwm thiab hauv nroog yog dab tsi. MPKr.z. xam raws li cov ntaub ntawv nkag hauv qab no:

• cov neeg laus noj qab nyob zoo nyob hauv ib puag ncig muaj kuab lom;
• sijhawm nyob yog txwv los ntawm txoj haujlwm piav qhia thiab feem ntau tsis pub dhau 8 teev.

Cov tshuaj phem nyob hauv qhov chaw ntawm kev sib haum xeeb cuam tshuam rau txhua tus neeg nyob hauv: tus neeg laus lossis menyuam yaus, muaj mob lossis noj qab haus huv, thaum nws nyob ib puag ncig thiab tsis tu ncua thoob plaws lub neej. Yog li ntawd, rau tib cov pa phem, qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws tso cai tuaj yeem txiav txim siab. Feem ntau, MPC coefficient ntawm cov khoom nyob hauv huab cua ntawm thaj chaw ua haujlwm yog ntau dua li MPCn.p.

Kev txiav txim siab ntawm MPC qhov tseem ceeb hauv dej thiab av

MPC yog dab tsi? Qhov no yog tus qauv tsim rau qhov concentration ntawm cov pa phem ib 1 liter dej. Tus nqi coefficient yog txiav txim siab nyias rau txhua homlub pas dej. Muaj dej rau nuv ntses, haus thiab siv tsev.

Kev txiav txim siab MPC ntawm cov pa phem hauv av yog txoj haujlwm nyuaj tshaj plaws. Kev suav yog nyob ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov av thiab cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov khoom tsis zoo. Cov txiaj ntsig yeej ib txwm sib txawv thiab tabular qhov tseem ceeb rau txhua yam kab mob tsis tau muab los.

Kev faib tawm ntawm MPC los ntawm qhov cuam tshuam

MPC ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg yog dab tsi, yog tias txhua yam khoom tuaj yeem ua txawv?

Rau qhov kev faib tawm ntawm cov tshuaj phem, ntau pab pawg tau sib txawv raws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev cuam tshuam rau cov kab mob muaj sia, tshwj xeeb rau tib neeg:

• tshuaj lom neeg;
• sensitizers;
• carcinogens;
• mutagens;
• cuam tshuam kev noj qab haus huv ntawm kev yug menyuam.

Txhua pawg muaj cov cim tshwj xeeb ntawm kev lom, lub sijhawm siv tau thiab muab MPCs.

Cov pa phem nrog rau cov teebmeem tshuaj lom ntau

Cov co toxins ua rau lub cev lom neeg tag nrho. Cov kev ua txhaum cai tshaj plaws yog pom tau los ntawm ib sab ntawm tib neeg lub paj hlwb: convulsions, tsis nco qab, tuag tes tuag taw. Cov pab pawg neeg ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj xws li muaj ntxhiab hydrocarbons thiab lawv cov nitro- thiab amide derivatives, organic compounds nrog phosphorus, chlorine, thiab ib co inorganic tshuaj.

Cov uas nquag tshaj plaws yog:

• arsenic thiab nwskev sib txuas;
• benzene, toluene, aniline, xylene;
• dichloroethane;
• Hg;
• Pb;
• carbon monoxide (IV).

Kab mob ntau yam tshwm sim tsis yog tom haujlwm xwb, tab sis kuj hauv tsev.

MAC hauv huab cua huab cua ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg

Cia peb xav txog qhov ntsuas qhov nruab nrab txhua hnub thiab ib zaug MPC hauv huab cua hauv nroog thiab chaw ua haujlwm. Kom yooj yim thiab meej, cov ntaub ntawv tau nthuav tawm hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub rooj.

MAC ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg hauv huab cua

Nitrobenzene Nyob

YDichloroethane

Tshuaj	chav txaus ntshai	MPCd, mg/m3	MPC, mg/m3	MPC, mg/m3	Impact
Xylene	Third	0.19	0.18	50	cuam tshuam rau cov hlab plawv, siab, raum, tawv nqaij
Benzene	Second	0.09	1.5	15/5	Ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub paj hlwb, pob txha pob txha ua haujlwm, nthuav tawm cov khoom carcinogenic
Toluene	Third	0.59	0.058	50	Ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub paj hlwb thiab cov hlab plawv
Lead thiab nws cov compounds	Nyob	0.00029	–	0.009–0.45	Ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau lub hauv nruab nrab lub paj hlwb, lub plawv, lub siab, ua rau endocrine ntshawv siab, kev tuag ntawm kev lom yog tsis tshua muaj. Hais txog cov tshuaj lom neeg, nrog rau cov carcinogens thiab mutagens.
	Plaub	0.004	0.2	3	cuam tshuam rau ntshav thiab siab
Mercury thiab nws cov tebchaw	Nyob	0.00029	–	0.19–0.48	cuam tshuam rau lub paj hlwb, tiv thaiv kab mob thiab digestive systems
	Second	1	3	10	Ua kom lub siab, lub raum, yog tshuaj narcotic

Qhov nruab nrab txhua hnub ntawm cov tshuaj phem cuam tshuam cuam tshuam nrog tib neeg lub cev tau ntau xyoo yam tsis muaj qhov tshwm sim.

Kev ua kom khaus tshuaj lom neeg

tshuaj lom neeg cuam tshuam rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij, mucous daim nyias nyias thiab ua pa ib ntsuj av. Cov tshuaj lom neeg feem ntau yog halogens thiab oxides ntawm nitrogen thiab sulfur.

MAC rau irritants hauv huab cua

Ncig Teb Chaws Nitrogen Dioxide

Hydrogen sulfide

Tshuaj	chav txaus ntshai	MPCd, mg/m3	MPC, mg/m3	MPC, mg/m3	Impact
Chlorine	Second	0.29	0.09	0.95	Irritating rau mucous daim nyias nyias ntawm lub qhov muag thiab ua pa ib ntsuj av, inhalation ntawm koob tshuaj loj ua rau pulmonary edema
	Second	0.04	0.085	2	Ua rau mob ntsws ntev
	Second	–	0.008	10	Ua rau puas tsuaj rau lub paj hlwb thiab ua pa, feem ntau ua rau tuag
sulfur dioxide	Third	0.48	0.49	10	Khaus lub ntsws, ua rau muaj kev mob hawb pob, o ntawm nasopharynx

Kev nqus pa ntev ntev ntawm cov pa phem ua rau ua pa tsis ua pa hnyav, qaug cawv thiab tuag.

Sensitizers thiab lawv MPCs hauv huab cua

Cov tshuaj uas muaj cov nyhuv sensitizing ua rau muaj kev tsis haum rau tib neeg. Cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke hauv pawg no suav nrog aldehydes thiab hexachlorane.

Air MPC nrog sensitizers

Y Propionic aldehyde

YCroton aldehyde

Tshuaj	chav txaus ntshai	MPCd, mg/m3	MPC, mg/m3	MPC, mg/m3
Hexachloran	Nyob	0.029	0.029	0.09
Formaldehyde	Second	0.009	0.048	0.5
Benzaldehyde	Third	–	0.04	5
	Third	–	0.01	5
	Second	–	0.024	0.5

Sensitizers raug tso tawm rau hauv qhov chaw thaum lub sij hawm roj combustion thiab kev lag luam. Ib qho me me ntawm formaldehyde tseem raug tso tawm hauv tsev: nws pom muaj ntau lub tsev thiab cov khoom tiav, rooj tog.

Carcinogens thiab mutagens

Cov pab pawg txaus ntshai tshaj plaws ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj kuab lom uas cuam tshuam rau tib neeg lub cev tau raug kwv yees rau lub sijhawm ntev. Carcinogens thiabMutagens yog cov tshuaj muaj zog nrog lub sijhawm ntev latent ntawm kev ua. Carcinogens muaj xws li asbestos, beryllium, benzpyrene, aromatic amines. Lawv provoke tsim ntawm ntau yam malignant qog.

Mutagens provoke kev hloov pauv hauv tib neeg genotype, uas tau kis mus rau cov xeeb ntxwv. Cov no suav nrog cov tshuaj radioactive, manganese, lead, organic peroxides, formaldehyde.

MAC ntawm cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv huab cua ntawm carcinogenic thiab mutagenic action

YDimethylaminobenzene

Manganese thiab nws cov tebchaw

Tshuaj	chav txaus ntshai	MPCd, mg/m3	MPC, mg/m3	MPC, mg/m3
Beryllium thiab nws cov tebchaw	I	0.00001	–	0.001
Formaldehyde	II	0.009	0.0049	0.48
Benzpyrene	I	0.000001	–	0.00015
Asbestos plua plav	I	0.059 (particles ib ml ntawm cua)	–	2–6
Aniline	II	0.029	0.045	0.09
	II	–	0.0055	3
Aziridine	I	0.0005	0.0009	0.02
	II	0.0009	0.009	0.045–0.28
Cumene hydroperoxide	II	–	0.007	1

Ntau yam tshuaj mutagenic ntxiv rau kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov menyuam yaus, cov no suav nrog: benzene thiab ib qho ntawm nws cov derivatives, txhuas, antimony, manganese, tshuaj tua kab, chloroprene thiab lwm yam.