Kev tshaj tawm ib hom ntawv tau nrov heev nyob rau hauv Lavxias thiab txawv teb chaws xov xwm txij li thaum immemorial. Tsis muaj kev hwm tus kheej kev tshaj tawm tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj nws, vim tias daim ntawv tshaj tawm qhib ntau lub sijhawm qhia thiab piav qhia rau cov neeg sau xov xwm, uas pab qhia rau cov neeg nyeem cov ntaub ntawv ntau tshaj plaws txog txhua qhov xwm txheej tam sim no hauv kev muaj tiag.
Lub sij hawm "reportage"
Qhov kev piav qhia vim li cas qhov kev tshaj tawm yog qhov tshwj xeeb muaj nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm hom ntawv no. Yog li, kev tshaj tawm yog ib hom ntawv xov xwm tshaj tawm, uas muaj lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev hloov cov ntaub ntawv cuam tshuam ncaj qha los ntawm qhov chaw, uas yog, los ntawm "qhov muag" ntawm tus sau. Qhov no yuav pab ua rau cov neeg nyeem xav tias nws tus kheej yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov xwm txheej, pom txhua yam piav nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv ceeb toom.
Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias lo lus "kev tshaj tawm" tau tshwm sim hauv Lavxias los ntawm tsab ntawv ceeb toom Askiv, uas txhais tau tias "kev xa tawm". Kev txhais lus ntawm lub tswv yim no hauv nws tus kheej txwv tsis pub tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hom kev sau xov xwm,txij li kev xa tawm cov ntaub ntawv tsis yog txhais tau tias kev tshuaj xyuas nws, nrhiav kev sib raug zoo, nrhiav qhov laj thawj thiab kwv yees qhov tshwm sim yuav tshwm sim. Tus sau tsuas yog yuav tsum tau qhia rau cov neeg tuaj saib seb nws pom dab tsi, kom pom qee qhov me me tab sis tseem ceeb cov ntsiab lus uas yuav pom tsis tau rau tus neeg nyob hauv lub qhov muag thiab qhov ntawd yuav pab tau cov neeg tau txais lub tswv yim meej tshaj plaws ntawm qhov kev tshwm sim, cov neeg tuaj ntawm lub scene, thiab ib puag ncig.
Qhia dab neeg
Hauv nws lub ntsiab lus pib, kev tshaj tawm yog cov ntawv sau tseg ntawm cov neeg taug kev, cov neeg uas tau tshwm sim thaum muaj txuj ci tseem ceeb tau ua los ntawm Vajtswv tes, thaum muaj kev puas tsuaj, thiab lwm yam. Nws tsis yog ib hom ntawv sau xov xwm, tab sis, ib tus yuav hais tias, yug los ua ntej nws, ua ntej nws coj zoo nyob rau hauv ib tug coherent system.
Ib qho ntawm thawj tus tsim tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm tsab ntawv ceeb toom yog tus kws tshawb fawb Greek thaum ub thiab tus neeg taug kev Herodotus, uas tshawb nrhiav Asia Minor, Balkan Peninsula thiab Middle East. Nws sau txhua yam uas nws pom. Cov kev nkag no tom qab tsim ib phau ntawv xov xwm mus ncig, uas, qhov tseeb, yog kev tshaj tawm.
Nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev luam ntawv, kev tshaj tawm kuj tau hloov pauv. Nws twb yog ib hom ntawv yuav luag tsim, uas cov neeg sau xov xwm tas li tig mus. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th nyob rau hauv teb chaws Askiv, cov neeg ua hauj lwm ntawv xov xwm tau txais txoj cai los mus koom lub rooj sib tham ntawm parliament thiab xa cov ntaub ntawv "los ntawm qhov chaw." Cov neeg sau xov xwm tau sau luv luv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv lawv tau hnov, sau ntawv txog cov neeg koom nrog hauv lub rooj sib tham, huab cua thiab sau cov ntaub ntawv cuam tshuam, ib txwm muaj, hauv hom kev tshaj tawm.
Bqhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th nyob rau hauv America thiab Europe yog lub "golden age" ntawm kev tshaj tawm. Cov hom ntawv thaum kawg coj cov duab thiab tau txais cov yam ntxwv niaj hnub no. Cov neeg sau xov xwm tau saib xyuas tshwj xeeb rau kev taug kev mus rau qhov chaw tsis paub hauv ntiaj teb (tshav hav zoov, hav zoov), nrog rau cov lus zais ntawm cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig, kev ua txhaum loj tshaj plaws uas nyuaj los daws. William Stead, Nellie Bly, Henry Stanley - cov no tsuas yog ob peb tus neeg sau xov xwm uas tau ua haujlwm hauv hom kev tshaj tawm. Lawv yog tus tswv tiag tiag ntawm lawv cov khoom siv tes ua, ua qhov xav tau tshaj plaws los daws qhov teeb meem.
Type of report
Qhov kev tawm tsam tshaj plaws, tus yam ntxwv thiab feem ntau ntsib cov hom no suav nrog kev tshaj tawm cov xwm txheej, tshaj tawm tshwj xeeb, tshaj tawm kev tshawb nrhiav thiab kev tawm tswv yim.
Kev tshaj tawm xwm txheej yog ib zaj dab neeg hais txog cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb thiab cov xwm txheej, nrog rau cov xwm txheej uas lawv cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, thiab tsis yog lawv cov lus piav qhia sab nraud xwb. Tus sau tsis tas yuav qhia txog txhua yam uas nws pom. Nws yuav tsum khaws cov lus tseeb thiab ntu uas ci ntsa iab. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv daim ntawv tshaj tawm no yog tsim kom muaj "kev tshwm sim tshwm sim".
Ib daim ntawv tshaj tawm tshwj xeeb yog hom uas cuam tshuam txog kev txhim kho thiab kev piav qhia ntawm lub ncauj lus tam sim no, nrog rau kev paub cov neeg tuaj saib nrog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov xwm txheej.
Kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas yuav tsum tau txais cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov teeb meem los ntawm ntau qhov chaw, siv kev xam phaj los piav qhia tag nrho cov duab ntawm qhov tshwm sim.
Daim ntawv tshaj tawm-hais lus yog tsom mus rau kev kawm ntxaws ntxaws ntawm cov lus piav qhiaxwm txheej. Tus sau yuav tsum raug thiab piav qhia meej txhua yam.
Kev ua haujlwm, kev kawm thiab kev tshaj tawm
Nws yog nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov kev txwv no uas ib hom ntawv xov xwm yuav tsum yog tus cwj pwm. Yog li, cov ntsiab lus ntawm tsab ntawv ceeb toom yog qhov tseem ceeb tam sim no uas yuav muaj kev txaus siab rau zej zog. Lub luag haujlwm yog los qhia tus sau cov kev xav, cov lus piav qhia ntxaws txog txhua yam uas tshwm sim. Tus txheej txheem yog los tsim "kev tshwm sim tshwm sim" ntawm cov neeg tau txais.
Qhia sau ntawv
Tau sau ib tsab ntawv ceeb toom uas yuav txaus siab nyeem, koj yuav tsum ua raws li qee yam qauv. Nws tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb ntu: cov phiaj xwm ntawm qhov kev txiav txim (yuav tsum muaj qhov tshwm sim ci ntsa iab uas ntxim nyiam), qhov tseem ceeb (cov lus piav qhia ntawm qhov tshwm sim) thiab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm tsab ntawv ceeb toom (tus sau tus cwj pwm rau qhov xwm txheej, nws cov lus). Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab tias kev tshaj tawm tsis yog ib hom kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas, yog li ntawd, thaum sau cov ntaub ntawv, tus neeg sau xov xwm yuav tsum tsis txhob saib vim li cas, kev sib raug zoo thiab kev kwv yees.
