Txoj cai ntawm kev muab khoom thiab kev thov

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 07:49

Muaj ntau tus neeg ua lag luam vwm hauv ntiaj teb uas koom nrog ntau hom kev ua ub no. Lawv tswj xyuas lawv cov lag luam li cas thiab lawv ua raws li txoj cai li cas? Txoj cai ntawm kev ua lag luam, txoj cai ntawm kev thov thiab lwm yam hauv kev txhim kho lub koom haum yog peb lub ntsiab lus niaj hnub no. Kab lus no yuav tham txog txoj cai tseem ceeb, kev ua raws li kev ua haujlwm uas pab cov neeg ua lag luam nyob twj ywm.

xav paub meej

Txoj cai ntawm kev thov, uas tau siv los ntawm ntau lub koom haum, tsis zoo li nyuaj thaum xub thawj siab ib muag. Nws tag nrho nyob ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov khoom, nws teev tag nrho cov kev mob rau kev muab khoom thiab kev thov. Yog li, peb tau tuaj rau txoj cai ntawm kev muab khoom thiab kev thov. Nws nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias tus nqi qis ntawm cov khoom, qhov khoom qis dua thiab qhov xav tau ntau dua rau nws. Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau nws tuaj yeem raug sau tseg tias kev lag luam niaj hnub no tsis txhais tau tias muaj kev vam meej ntawm txhua lub tswv yim ntawm ib leeg.

Cia peb ua piv txwv: tus nqi poob qis, tab sis qhov kev thov tseem tsis nce lossis nce los ntawmtheem me. Lub caij no, lub tswv yim tsis hloov nws txoj haujlwm txhua. Los yog lwm qhov piv txwv: tus nqi nce, tab sis kev thov tseem zoo ib yam. Yog li, hauv ntiaj teb kev lag luam, xws li lub tswv yim xws li elasticity ntawm cov khoom siv thiab kev thov tau qhia. Nws qhia tau hais tias cov khoom siv thiab kev xav tau hloov pauv li cas rau kev ua lag luam.

Dhau li ntawm, nrog kev qhia txog cov tswv yim tshiab, cov tsos ntawm kev zam yog qhov ntuj tsim. Qee lub sij hawm cov kev zam no qhia tau tias tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev lag luam tam sim no. Piv txwv li, ib yam khoom yog nyob rau hauv active thov, tab sis leej twg yuav tau xav tias qhov ntsuas no yog txuam nrog ib tug tas li nce nyob rau hauv tus nqi? Los yog, hloov pauv, thaum tus nqi txo, qhov ntim ntawm cov khoom lag luam no nce ntxiv.

yog vim li cas thiaj li muaj qhov tshwm sim tsis tau xav txog? Hauv qab no yog qee qhov piv txwv ntawm qhov ua rau muaj xwm txheej zoo li no. Hais txog elasticity, txhua tus neeg ua lag luam thiab cov neeg ua lag luam yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias nws yuav muaj peev xwm nyob twj ywm hauv kev sib tw nkaus xwb los ntawm kev kawm kom zoo elasticity ntawm nws cov khoom. Qhov no kuj siv tau rau cov neeg lag luam. Cov neeg no yuav tsum paub meej txhua yam uas lawv cov neeg siv khoom xav tau. Thiab kuj nkag siab cov ntsiab lus xws li cov cai ntawm kev ua lag luam, txoj cai ntawm kev thov thiab txoj cai ntawm kev muab khoom.

xov piv txwv

Cia peb paub seb qhov kev thov txhais li cas. Qhov no yog lub tswv yim kev lag luam uas qhia txog qee yam khoom lag luam uas cov neeg siv khoom xav tau hauv kev ua lag luam ntawm qee lub sijhawm thiab nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb.

Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom, thiablub solvency ntawm cov neeg siv khoom txiav txim qhov kev thov. Txhua tus neeg uas koom nrog hauv kev lag luam lossis ua lag luam yuav tsum nkag siab qhov tseeb tias qhov kev thov txhais li cas thiab nws cuam tshuam rau lub tuam txhab cov dej num li cas.

Kev thov tuaj yeem npog tsis yog cov khoom nws tus kheej xwb, uas twb tau yuav lawm, tab sis kuj yog qhov xav tau. Yog li, txawm tias kev muag khoom tsis ua tiav, qhov kev thov tseem tuaj yeem tshwm sim, vim tias qee qhov ntawm cov khoom no xav tau los ntawm qee tus neeg yuav khoom.

Kev thov ua haujlwm

Muaj ib yam li kev thov ua haujlwm. Nws raug cuam tshuam los ntawm ntau yam: lub sijhawm, lub hli, lub lis piam, hnub, thiab txawm tias lub xyoo. Hauv lwm lo lus, nws yog lub caij nyoog. Kev ua haujlwm tseem cuam tshuam los ntawm qee yam khoom, khoom noj, hluav taws xob, roj siv rau kev thauj mus los, khaub ncaws, khoom siv hauv tsev, thiab ntau lwm yam.

Ntawd yog, nrog rau qee qhov xwm txheej - txo tus nqi - muaj kev xav tau ntau ntxiv rau cov khoom, raws li txoj cai tau piav qhia ua ntej. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias nyob rau hauv txoj cai no nws yog ib qho yooj yim heev rau kev ntsuam xyuas cov nyiaj tau los ntawm tus neeg yuav khoom. Yog tias tus nqi qis dua ob zaug, cov khoom tuaj yeem yuav ob zaug ntau dua, raws li. Raws li twb tau hais lawm, nyob rau hauv kev lag luam, hauv kev xyaum, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm txoj cai ntawm kev thov yog feem ntau ua txhaum, yog li tsim ntau thiab ntau hom tshiab ntawm kev zam. Nov yog qee qhov piv txwv:

1. Kev nce tus nqi ntawm qhov zoo qee zaum yuav tsis txo qhov kev thov rau nws kiag li. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, txawm txhawb nqa. Qhov no tshwm sim thaum cov nqi nce hauv khw. Thiab tag nrho vim tus neeg yuav khoomcia siab tias tus nqi yuav nce ntau npaum li qhov ua tau thiab maj nrawm mus rau cov khoom lag luam thaum lawv tseem muaj tus nqi "tseem ceeb heev". Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tshwm sim no tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tau yooj yim hauv lwm qhov kev taw qhia ib yam nkaus.
2. Yog tias tus nqi ntawm cov khoom poob qis, nws tuaj yeem poob nws txoj haujlwm muag khoom yooj yim. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kev thov yuav poob mus ntxiv txawm tias tom qab ib qho xwm txheej. Vim li cas qhov no tshwm sim? Txoj cai lij choj ntawm kev thov rau cov khoom xav tias nws tsis tuaj yeem txo tus nqi ntawm cov khoom yog tias nws yog lub ntsiab lus qhia ntawm qhov zoo, qhov tsim nyog thiab kev thov. Ib qho piv txwv yooj yim yuav yog kub - yog tias koj pheej tos kom tus nqi kub poob, qhov xav tau kub yuav ploj mus.
3. Cia li coj cov hlau thiab pob zeb muaj nuj nqis, cov tshuaj tsw qab thiab lwm yam ua piv txwv. Yog tias koj txo tus nqi, lawv yuav poob lawv qhov kev muag khoom yuav tsum tau ntim, thiab kev thov thiab kev muag khoom kuj yuav txo. Qhov tshwj xeeb yog tias thaum tus neeg yuav khoom tau nce nyiaj ntau, nws tsis tas yuav yuav cov khoom no lawm. Yog li, txawm tias cov khoom kim heev no yuav tsis muaj kev sib tw rau ib leeg, vim lawv nyob ntawm cov neeg siv khoom.

Elasticity hauv kev thov

Elasticity ntawm kev thov yog cov lus teb rau kev hloov pauv hauv qee qhov kev xav tau. Lub tswv yim no tau nkag mus rau hauv kev lag luam los ntawm tus kws tshaj lij Fabkis txoj kev xav, tab sis saum toj no tag nrho cov kws tshawb fawb thiab lej, Antoine Augustin Cournot. Nws tau soj ntsuam ntawm ntau yam qauv hais txog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm kev thov thiab tus nqi. Nws tau txiav txim siab kom nco ntsoov tias nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias nrog kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv txoj cai tswj hwm tus nqi, kev thov tsis yograug kev txom nyem, tshwj tsis yog tias muaj qhov hloov pauv tsis txaus ntseeg.

Piv txwv li, lub violin thiab lub koob yees duab astronomer yog tam sim no kim heev. Tab sis nws puas tsim nyog txiav tus nqi nyob rau hauv ib nrab, hais tias, yog tias qhov no tsis nce qhov muag ntawm lub violin lossis lub tsom iav raj no txhua? Tshwj tsis yog me ntsis, qee qhov tseem yuav tau yuav cov khoom teev tseg. Txoj cai ntawm kev thov, xav tau, xav tau yam - txhua yam no cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau cov piv txwv saum toj no.

Ib qho piv txwv, taws yog ib qho piv txwv yooj yim. Hluav taws yog ib yam khoom tseem ceeb rau peb txhua tus. Yog tias koj nce tus nqi los ntawm ob lossis peb zaug, kev muag ntoo yuav tsis txo qis. Yog lawm, cov nqi ntawm cov khoom ntoo yuav ntau dua, tab sis qhov no yog cov khoom uas cov neeg yuav khoom xav tau. Yog li, peb pom tias cov khoom tuaj yeem suav tias yog khoom kim heev lossis yog cov khoom tseem ceeb. Tau kawg, txij li Cournot, lwm yam khoom tau pom tias yuav lossis tsis cuam tshuam rau qhov kev thov rau qhov zoo. Nov yog ob qho piv txwv.

• Siv khoom. Peb feem ntau tig mus rau ntau lub rooj sib tham hauv kev sim hloov cov hmoov nplej lossis butter uas tau khiav tawm. Koj puas muaj semolina thiab margarine? Zoo, koj tau pom ib qho kev hloov rau hmoov nplej thiab butter. Qhov no ua rau cov tsos ntawm elasticity ntawm cov khoom no.
• Tab sis peb tsis tuaj yeem hloov cov khoom xws li ntsev, luam yeeb, dej haus. Hauv qhov no, cov khoom lag luam tsis suav nrog lub xub ntiag ntawm elasticity.

Ib tus tuaj yeem xaus lus tias cov khoom lag luam yuav lossis tsis tuaj yeem elastic, tias tus nqi tsis cuam tshuam rau qhov xav tau, thiab qhov muag yuavtau ncaj qha nyob ntawm kev thov.

Kev siv nyiaj ntawm tus neeg siv khoom

Nyob rau lo lus nug no, peb rov ua raws li lub tswv yim ntawm elasticity. Tab sis tam sim no peb yuav tham txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov ntsuas no nrog cov neeg siv khoom siv.

Qee yam khoom yuav tsum tau tso nyiaj loj, uas yog, tus nqi siab ntawm tus neeg yuav khoom. Hauv qhov no, kev thov yuav tsis yog elastic. Hauv qhov xwm txheej uas qhov kev thov yog elastic, tus neeg siv khoom yuav tsis muaj kev siv nyiaj ntau dhau.

Txoj kev cai lij choj ntawm kev thov qhia tias yog cov khoom pheej yig, ces kev thov yog elastic, yog tias tsis yog, nws tsis elastic.

Feem ntau, cov nyiaj tau los ntawm cov neeg yuav khoom tuaj yeem txo cov haujlwm ntawm kev muag khoom me me. Yog lawm, qhov ntim ntawm cov khoom poob qis, tab sis yog li cov nyiaj tau los ntawm tus neeg yuav khoom.

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Lub hom phiaj ntawm cov khoom tuaj yeem sib txawv - nws tuaj yeem ua tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg yuav khoom, uas tau cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau hauv kev thov, lossis nws tuaj yeem tshwm sim vice versa. Cia peb ua piv txwv yooj yim tshaj: qee cov tshuaj muaj kev xav tau ntau vim lawv cov nqi siab. Thaum tus nqi poob, qhov kev thov yuav poob qis, vim qhov kev thov rau nws yuav tsis siab heev. Tej yam zoo li no feem ntau tshwm sim ntawm cov khoom uas siv rau kev lag luam. Qhov loj ntawm kev thov, kev thov, txoj cai ntawm kev thov - cov no yog cov laj thawj ntawm cov xwm txheej no.

Cov koom haum niaj hnub kev lag luam tau nquag kawm txog elasticity ntawm kev thov. Qhov no yuav pab lawv xaiv qhov kev ntsuas zoo hauv lawv lub khw. Lawv yuav tsum muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov khoom lag luam twg los tsim, ntau npaum li cas, thaum twg thiab lub sijhawm twg. Lawm, kev lag luam tsis tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj cov neeg lag luam, uas nws txoj haujlwm yog los nthuav tawm cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov khoom uas tau tawm los. Txawm li cas los xij, ib qho yuam kev ntau tus neeg lag luam ua yog sim ua kom qhov kev thov rau kev tshaj tawm cov khoom lag luam inelastic.

Kev zam rau txoj cai ntawm kab lus

Hauv kev lag luam, muaj lub tswv yim ntxiv - qhov kev thov. Wb sib tham seb nws yog dab tsi.

Kev muab khoom yog qee yam ntawm cov khoom lag luam uas cov neeg muag khoom xav muag hauv lub khw tshwj xeeb hauv qee lub sijhawm raws li qee yam xwm txheej. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev thov tsis tuaj yeem txhawj xeeb txog cov khoom lag luam uas tsis tau tsim rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev muag.

Cia hais ib tug neeg ua liaj ua teb, tsim tau tej yam khoom, khaws tau qee yam rau nws tus kheej. Qhov no yuav tsis raug suav hais tias yog qhov kev thov. Thiab nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej uas lwm feem ntawm nws cov khoom mus rau lub lag luam - muag - qhov no yuav yog ib qho kev. Txoj cai ntawm kev thov qhia tias qhov ntim ntawm cov khoom ib txwm nyob ntawm lub sijhawm thiab lub sijhawm tam sim no, qee lub sijhawm.

Qhov kev thov tam sim no yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom hauv Tshuag. Thiab lub sijhawm ntev dua suav nrog cov khoom uas nws tsim lossis tshem tawm ntawm lub tsev khaws khoom raug xa mus muag. Lub hauv paus ntawm kev muab khoom yog ntau lawm, thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog, ntawm chav kawm, tus nqi.

Piv txwv li, tej zaum yuav muaj tus nqi uas cov khoom tiav tsis tau muab, tab sis nyob rau hauv Tshuag kom txog thaum tus nqi zoo dua. Txoj cai lij choj ntawm kev muab khoom thiab kev thov hais tias qhov nce ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov khoom nce ntxiv, thiabtus nqi qis, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, ua rau nws txo qis. Qhov kev sib raug zoo ruaj khov no qhia txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov khoom ntawm lawv cov khoom. Tab sis zoo li txoj cai ntawm kev thov, txoj cai ntawm kev muab khoom kuj muaj kev zam.

Cia peb ua monopsony rau qhov piv txwv zoo tshaj (qhov no yog thaum muaj ib tus neeg siv khoom ntawm ntau tus neeg muag khoom ntawm lub khw), qhov no peb pom muaj kev sib tw ntawm cov neeg muag khoom thiab tib lub sijhawm tus nqi qis. Nyob rau lub sijhawm zoo li no, cov neeg muag khoom sim them nyiaj rau cov nqi qis nrog cov khoom muag siab. Nws tseem yuav tsum tau sau tseg cov txheej txheem uas cuam tshuam rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov khoom ntim. Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov peev txheej uas xav tau los tsim cov khoom muag. Nrog rau kev nce nqi ntawm cov khoom, tab sis qhov tsis muaj peev txheej rau nws cov khoom, ntim tuaj yeem poob sai. Txoj cai ntawm kev thov, kev thov, kev thov nkhaus cuam tshuam rau ntim ib yam nkaus.

Piv txwv li, tom qab huab cua phem, cov qoob loo ntawm apricots ploj. Tus nqi nce mus, tab sis yuav luag tsis muaj qhov muab. Thiab tag nrho vim hais tias technology ntawm zus tau tej cov apricots kuj muaj feem xyuam rau cov kev ua ntawm mov thiab thov. Piv txwv li, offshore cargo tankers muaj cov nqi ntau lawm thiab tsim ib tus zuj zus, thaum cov cwj mem ballpoint muaj cov nqi qis, uas txhais tau hais tias lawv tau tsim ntau ntau.

Elasticity ntawm khoom

Peb twb tau tham txog qhov elasticity ntawm kev muab khoom, tab sis cia saib seb nws yog dab tsi hauv kev nthuav dav ntxiv.

Elasticity ntawm kev muab khoom yog qhov hloov pauv ntawm tus lej ntawm qhov kev thov nyob ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm qhov kev thov nocuam tshuam.

Cia peb hais tias ntau npaum li cas ntawm cov khoom lag luam yog qhov taw qhia ntawm kev muab khoom elasticity thiab vice versa - ib qho me me qhia tias tsis muaj elasticity.

Cov nqi tsim khoom siab qhia tias tsis muaj zog elasticity ntawm cov khoom tsim. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog cov nqi tsim khoom siab ntawm cov khoom muab lub sijhawm nkag mus rau hauv kev lag luam ntawm lwm cov khoom siv nrog kev siv cov khoom tshiab uas pab txo cov nqi hauv kev tsim cov khoom qub.

Cov txheej txheem thauj khoom kuj tseem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txiav txim siab cov khoom lag luam elasticity.

Tus tsim tawm thiab cov neeg siv khoom teb

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qee lub sijhawm kuj qhia txog qhov elasticity ntawm cov khoom. Ib qho khoom siv yog inelastic hauv lub sijhawm luv luv. Cov neeg tsim khoom ib txwm ua rau tus nqi hloov pauv qeeb dua li cov neeg yuav khoom. Txhua tus paub tias cov khoom lag luam uas lwj sai yog qee zaum muag txawm tias qis dua tus nqi. Qhov no yog vim yog lawv tsis muag, kev lag luam yuav raug kev puas tsuaj ntau dua.

Tab sis cov lus teb rau qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom lag luam qeeb qeeb dua li qhov xav tau. Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm no yog tias cov neeg ua lag luam uas teb sai sai rau cov nqi hloov pauv tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua lwm tus.

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Yog li, txhua lub lag luam muaj qhov tseem ceeb uas ua rau nws mus tom ntej thiab pab txhim kho. Feem ntau, qhov tseem ceeb no yog cov khoom, nws cov yam ntxwv, txawv txav lossis zoo.

Txawm li cas los xij, tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov lub ntsiabCov txheej txheem nyiaj txiag uas yuav tsum tau ua kom tau raws li lub koom haum tsis yog kom muaj lub koob npe zoo xwb, tab sis kuj yuav tsum muaj kev sib tw.