Lub teb chaws ntawm Eastern Europe yog ib qho chaw nyob nruab nrab ntawm B altic, Dub thiab Adriatic Seas. Slavs thiab Greeks ua rau feem ntau ntawm cov neeg nyob sab hnub tuaj Europe, thaum cov neeg Romanesque thiab Germanic muaj nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm thaj av loj.
Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe yog thaj chaw keeb kwm thiab thaj chaw uas suav nrog cov tebchaws hauv qab no (raws li United Nations kev faib tawm):
- Poland.
- Czech koom pheej.
- Slovakia.
- Hungary.
- Romania.
- Bulgaria.
- Belarus.
- Russia.
- Ukraine.
- Moldova.
Keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm Eastern European xeev yog txoj kev ntev thiab nyuaj. Kev tsim ntawm thaj av tau pib nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm prehistoric. Hauv thawj xyoo txhiab ntawm peb lub sijhawm, muaj kev sib haum xeeb ntawm Eastern Europe los ntawm cov pejxeem. Tom qab ntawd, thawj lub xeev tau tsim.
Cov neeg nyob sab Europe sab hnub tuaj muaj cov haiv neeg nyuaj heev. Qhov tseeb no yog vim li cas cov teb chaws nofeem ntau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm haiv neeg. Niaj hnub no lub cheeb tsam yog dominated los ntawm cov neeg Slavic. Hais txog yuav ua li cas lub xeev, pej xeem thiab kab lis kev cai ntawm Eastern Europe tau tsim, ntxiv.
Thawj haiv neeg nyob sab Europe sab hnub tuaj (BC)
thawj haiv neeg ntawm Eastern Europe raug suav hais tias yog Cimmerians. Tus kws sau keeb kwm Greek thaum ub Herodotus hais tias cov Cimmerians nyob hauv thawj xyoo txhiab xyoo BC. Cov Cimmerians tau nyob hauv thaj tsam Azov. Cov pov thawj ntawm qhov no yog cov yam ntxwv npe (Cimmerian Bosporus, Cimmerian hla, Cimmeria cheeb tsam). Lub qhov ntxa ntawm Cimmerians uas tuag hauv kev sib cav nrog cov Scythians ntawm Dniester kuj pom.
Nyob rau xyoo pua 8 BC muaj ntau lub tebchaws Greek nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Europe. Cov nroog hauv qab no tau tsim muaj: Chersonese, Feodosia, Phanagoria thiab lwm yam. Yeej, txhua lub nroog tau ua lag luam. Kev ntseeg ntawm sab ntsuj plig thiab cov khoom siv kab lis kev cai tau tsim muaj txiaj ntsig zoo nyob hauv Hiav Txwv Dub. Archaeologists tseem tab tom nrhiav pov thawj los txhawb qhov tseeb.
Cov neeg tom ntej uas nyob sab Europe sab hnub tuaj hauv lub sijhawm ua ntej keeb kwm yog Scythians. Peb paub txog lawv los ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm Herodotus. Lawv nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Dub. Nyob rau xyoo pua 7-5 BC, cov Scythians kis mus rau Kuban, Don, tshwm sim hauv Taman. Cov Scythians tau koom nrog kev yug nyuj, ua liaj ua teb, khoom siv tes ua. Tag nrho cov cheeb tsam no tau tsim los ntawm lawv. Ua lag luam nrog Greek colonies.
In the 2nd centuryBC, cov Sarmatians tau ua lawv txoj kev mus rau thaj av ntawm Scythians, swb thawj zaug thiab txiav txim siab thaj chaw ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub thiab Hiav Txwv Caspian.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Goths tau tshwm sim hauv Hiav Txwv Dub steppes - Cov pab pawg neeg German. Tau ntev lawm lawv tsim txom cov Scythians, tab sis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 4th AD lawv tau tswj kom tshem tawm lawv tawm ntawm cov cheeb tsam no. Lawv cov thawj coj, Germanarich, ces nyob yuav luag tag nrho cov Eastern Europe.
Cov neeg nyob sab hnub tuaj Europe hauv keeb kwm yav dhau los thiab Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub nyoog
Lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Goths tsis kav ntev. Lawv qhov chaw raug coj los ntawm cov Huns, cov neeg los ntawm Mongolian steppes. Txij xyoo pua 4-5 lawv ua tsov rog lawv tus kheej, tiam sis thaum kawg lawv lub koom haum tawg, ib txhia tseem nyob rau thaj tsam Dub Hiav Txwv, lwm tus mus rau sab hnub tuaj.
Nyob rau xyoo pua 6, cov Avars tshwm sim, lawv, zoo li Huns, tuaj ntawm Asia. Lawv lub xeev nyob qhov twg Hungarian Plain yog tam sim no. Txog thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 9th, lub xeev Avar muaj nyob. Cov Avars feem ntau sib cav nrog cov Slavs, raws li zaj dab neeg ntawm Bygone xyoo hais, lawv tawm tsam Byzantium thiab Western Europe. Yog li ntawd, lawv tau swb los ntawm Franks.
Nyob rau xyoo pua xya, lub xeev Khazar tau tsim. Sab qaum teb Caucasus, Sab Qab Teb thiab Nruab Nrab Volga, Crimea, Hiav Txwv ntawm Azov tau tswj hwm los ntawm Khazars. Belenjer, Semender, Itil, Tamatarkha yog lub nroog loj tshaj plaws ntawm lub xeev Khazar. Hauv kev lag luam kev lag luam, qhov tseem ceeb tau muab tso rau ntawm kev siv cov kev lag luam uas dhau los ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub xeev. Lawv kuj tau koom nrog kev lag luam qhev.
Nyob rau xyoo pua 7, lub xeev ntawm Volga Bulgaria tshwm sim. Nws tau nyob hauv Bulgars thiab Finno-Ugric haiv neeg. Nyob rau hauv 1236 lub Bulgars tau tawm tsamMongol-Tatars, nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm assimilation, cov neeg no pib ploj mus.
Nyob rau xyoo pua 9, cov Pechenegs tshwm sim ntawm Dnieper thiab Don, lawv tau tawm tsam nrog Khazars thiab Rus. Tub Vaj Ntxwv Igor tau mus nrog Pechenegs mus rau Byzantium, tab sis tom qab ntawd muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov neeg, uas tau nce mus rau kev ua tsov rog ntev. Nyob rau hauv 1019 thiab 1036, Yaroslav tus txawj ntse ntaus rau ntawm Pecheneg cov neeg, thiab lawv tau los ua cov nom tswv ntawm Russia.
Hauv xyoo pua 11th, Cumans tuaj ntawm Kazakhstan. Lawv raided lag luam caravans. Los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua tom ntej, lawv cov khoom tau nthuav tawm ntawm Dnieper mus rau Volga. Russia thiab Byzantium suav nrog lawv. Ib tug crushing yeej yog inflicted rau lawv los ntawm Vladimir Monomakh, tom qab uas lawv retreated mus rau lub Volga, tshaj lub Urals thiab Transcaucasia.
neeg Slavic
Thawj zaug ntawm cov Slavs tshwm nyob ib ncig ntawm thawj txhiab xyoo ntawm peb lub sijhawm. Cov lus piav qhia meej dua ntawm cov neeg no poob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm tib lub xyoo txhiab. Lawv hu lawv Slovenes lub sijhawm no. Cov kws sau ntawv Byzantine tham txog cov Slavs ntawm Balkan Peninsula thiab hauv Danube.
Nyob ntawm thaj chaw nyob, cov Slavs tau muab faib ua sab hnub poob, sab hnub tuaj thiab sab qab teb. Yog li ntawd, cov Slavs yav qab teb tau nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm Tebchaws Europe, sab hnub poob Slavs - hauv Central thiab Eastern Europe, sab hnub tuaj - ncaj qha rau sab hnub tuaj Europe.
Nws yog nyob rau sab hnub tuaj teb chaws Europe uas cov Slavs assimilated nrog Finno-Ugric pab pawg neeg. Cov Slavs ntawm Eastern Europe yog pawg loj tshaj plaws. Cov sab hnub tuaj tau muab faib ua pawg: glades, drevlyans, Northerners, dregovichi, polochans, krivichi, radimichi, vyatichi, ilmen slovenes,boozhane.
Hnub no, East Slavic haiv neeg suav nrog Lavxias, Belarusians, Ukrainians. Rau Western Slavs - Poles, Czechs, Slovaks thiab lwm yam. Bulgarians, Serbs, Croats, Macedonians thiab lwm yam nyob rau yav qab teb Slavs.
tam sim no cov neeg nyob sab hnub tuaj Europe
Cov haiv neeg ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm Eastern Europe yog heterogeneous. Cov haiv neeg twg yeej muaj nyob ntawd, thiab qhov twg yog haiv neeg tsawg, peb yuav xav txog ntxiv. 95% ntawm haiv neeg Czechs nyob hauv Czech koom pheej. Hauv tebchaws Poland - 97% yog Poles, tus so yog Gypsies, Germans, Ukrainians, Belarusians.
Slovakia yog ib lub tebchaws me me tab sis muaj ntau lub tebchaws. Kaum feem pua ntawm cov pejxeem yog Hungarians, 2% yog gypsies, 0.8% yog Czechs, 0.6% yog Russians thiab Ukrainians, 1.4% yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lwm haiv neeg. Cov pejxeem ntawm Hungary yog 92 feem pua Hungary los yog, raws li lawv kuj hu ua Magyars. Tus so yog Germans, Jews, Romanians, Slovaks thiab hais txog.
Romanians suav txog 89% ntawm cov neeg Romanian, ua raws li Hungarians ntawm 6.5%. Cov neeg ntawm Romania kuj suav nrog Ukrainians, Germans, Turks, Serbs thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm Bulgaria, cov Bulgarians nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw - 85.4%, lub Turks nyob rau hauv lub thib ob txoj hauj lwm - 8.9%.
Hauv Ukraine, 77% ntawm cov pejxeem yog Ukrainians, 17% yog Russians. Cov haiv neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg yog sawv cev los ntawm pawg loj ntawm Belarusians, Moldovans, Crimean Tatars, Bulgarians, thiab Hungarians. Hauv Moldova, cov pej xeem tseem ceeb yog Moldovans, Ukrainians nyob hauv qhov chaw thib ob.
Muaj ntau lub tebchaws ntau ntau
Qhov ntau haiv neeg ntawm cov tebchaws nyob sab hnub tuaj Europe yog Russia. Nyob ntawm nontau tshaj ib puas yim caum haiv neeg. Cov Russians yog thawj. Txhua cheeb tsam muaj cov pej xeem hauv tebchaws Russia, xws li Chukchi, Koryaks, Tungus, Daurs, Nanais, Eskimos, Aleuts thiab lwm yam.
Ntau tshaj li ib puas thiab peb caug haiv neeg nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Belarus. Feem ntau (83%) yog Belarusians, ces Russians - 8.3%. Gypsies, Azerbaijanis, Tatars, Moldovans, Germans, Suav, Uzbeks kuj nyob rau hauv haiv neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm lub teb chaws no.
Eastern Europe tau txhim kho li cas?
Kev tshawb fawb Archaeological nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Europe muab cov duab ntawm kev loj hlob zuj zus ntawm thaj av no. Archaeological pom hais tias muaj neeg nyob ntawm no txij thaum ancient sij hawm. Cov pab pawg neeg nyob hauv thaj chaw no tau cog qoob loo lawv cov av manually. Thaum lub sij hawm excavations, cov kws tshawb fawb pom pob ntseg ntawm ntau yam cereals. Lawv koom kev ua nyuj sib nraus thiab nuv ntses.
kab lis kev cai: Poland, Czech koom pheej
Txhua lub xeev muaj nws cov kev cai thiab kev coj noj coj ua. Cov kab lis kev cai ntawm cov neeg ntawm Eastern Europe muaj ntau haiv neeg. Polish yog rooted nyob rau hauv kab lis kev cai ntawm ancient Slavs, tab sis Western European kab lis kev cai kuj tseem ceeb heev rau nws. Hauv kev sau ntawv, Poland tau qhuas los ntawm Adam Mickiewicz thiab Stanisław Lemm. Cov pej xeem ntawm Poland feem ntau yog cov Catholics, lawv cov kab lis kev cai thiab kev coj noj coj ua yog inextricably txuas nrog canons ntawm kev ntseeg.
Czech koom pheej yeej ib txwm khaws nws tus kheej. Nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm kab lis kev cai yog architecture. Muaj ntau lub palace squares, castles, fortresses, keeb kwm monuments. Cov ntawv nyeem nyob rau hauv Czech koom pheej tau tsim tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub XIX caug xyoo. Czech paj huam yog "tsim" los ntawm K. G. Mas.
Painting, duab puab thiab architecture hauv Czech koom pheej muaj keeb kwm ntev. Mikolash Alesh, Alphonse Mucha yog cov neeg sawv cev nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm cov qauv no. Muaj ntau lub tsev khaws puav pheej thiab cov chaw nyob hauv Czech koom pheej, ntawm lawv qhov tshwj xeeb - Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Kev tsim txom, National Museum, Jewish Tsev khaws puav pheej. Kev nplua nuj ntawm kev coj noj coj ua, lawv qhov zoo sib xws - tag nrho qhov no tseem ceeb thaum nws los txog kev phooj ywg ntawm cov xeev nyob sib ze.
kab lis kev cai ntawm Slovakia thiab Hungary
Hauv Slovakia, txhua qhov kev ua koob tsheej yog inextricably txuas nrog xwm. Cov hnub so hauv tebchaws Slovakia: lub tsiab peb caug ntawm Peb Vaj, zoo ib yam li Shrovetide - tshem tawm Madder, lub tsiab peb caug ntawm Lucy, Maypole. Txhua cheeb tsam ntawm Slovakia muaj nws cov pej xeem kev lis kev cai. Woodcarving, painting, weaving yog cov hauj lwm tseem ceeb hauv lub teb chaws no.
Suab paj nruag thiab seev cev yog nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm Hungarian kab lis kev cai. Suab paj nruag thiab ua yeeb yam festivals feem ntau tshwm sim ntawm no. Lwm qhov tshwj xeeb yog chav da dej Hungarian. Lub architecture yog dominated los ntawm Romanesque, Gothic thiab Baroque style. Cov kab lis kev cai ntawm Hungary yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm pej xeem crafts nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm embroidered khoom, ntoo thiab pob txha cov khoom, thiab phab ntsa panels. Hauv Hungary, kab lis kev cai, keeb kwm thiab ntuj monuments ntawm lub ntiaj teb tseem ceeb nyob txhua qhov chaw. Hais txog kab lis kev cai thiab lus, cov neeg nyob sib ze tau cuam tshuam los ntawm Hungary: Ukraine, Slovakia, Moldova.
kab lis kev cai Romanian thiab Bulgarian
Romanians feem ntau yog Orthodox. Lub teb chaws no raug suav tias yog qhov chaw yug ntawm European gypsies, uas tau tso nws cov cim ntawm kab lis kev cai.
Bulgarians thiab Romaniansyog cov ntseeg Orthodox, yog li lawv cov kev coj noj coj ua zoo ib yam li lwm haiv neeg sab hnub tuaj. Txoj haujlwm qub tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg Bulgarian yog winemaking. Lub architecture ntawm Bulgaria tau cuam tshuam los ntawm Byzantium, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv kev cai dab qhuas vaj tse.
Kab lis kev cai ntawm Belarus, Russia thiab Moldova
kab lis kev cai ntawm Belarus thiab Russia tau cuam tshuam loj los ntawm Orthodoxy. St. Sophia Cathedral, Borisoglebsky Monastery tshwm sim. Kho kom zoo nkauj thiab siv kos duab tau dav tsim ntawm no. Cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, cov tais diav thiab cov chaw tsim khoom muaj nyob hauv txhua qhov chaw ntawm lub xeev. Vaj Keeb Kwm tau tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo pua 13th.
Cov kab lis kev cai ntawm Moldova tau tsim los ntawm Roman thiab Ottoman empires. Kev sib thooj hauv keeb kwm nrog cov neeg ntawm Romania, Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws muaj nws qhov tseem ceeb.
Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai nyob ib txheej loj nyob rau hauv Eastern European kab lig kev cai. Nws tau sawv cev dav dav hauv cov ntaub ntawv, kos duab, thiab architecture.
Kev sib txuas ntawm kab lis kev cai thiab keeb kwm
kab lis kev cai ntawm Eastern Europe yog inextricably txuas nrog keeb kwm ntawm cov neeg ntawm Eastern Europe. Qhov no yog symbiosis ntawm ntau lub hauv paus thiab kev coj noj coj ua, uas nyob rau lub sijhawm sib txawv cuam tshuam rau lub neej kev coj noj coj ua thiab nws txoj kev loj hlob. Cov lus qhia hauv kab lis kev cai ntawm Eastern Europe feem ntau nyob ntawm kev ntseeg ntawm cov pejxeem. Ntawm no nws yog Orthodoxy thiab Catholicism.
Lim lus ntawm cov neeg nyob sab Europe
Cov lus ntawm cov neeg nyob sab Europe muaj peb pawg tseem ceeb: Romance, Germanic, Slavic. Pawg Slavic suav nrog kaum peb yam lus niaj hnub no, ob peb yam lus me thiab lus. Lawv yog cov tseem ceeb nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Europe.
Russian,Ukrainian thiab Belarusian yog ib feem ntawm Eastern Slavic pawg. Cov lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus Lavxias: sab qaum teb, nruab nrab thiab sab qab teb.
Ukrainian muaj Carpathian dialects, sab hnub poob thiab sab hnub tuaj. Cov lus tau cuam tshuam los ntawm cov zej zog ntev ntawm Hungary thiab Ukraine. Cov lus Belarusian muaj hom lus sab qab teb sab hnub poob thiab Minsk hom lus. Cov pab pawg West Slavic suav nrog Polish thiab Czechoslovak dialects.
Ntau pab pawg sib txawv hauv South Slavic pawg lus. Yog li, muaj ib pab pawg sab hnub tuaj nrog Bulgarian thiab Macedonian. Cov pab pawg sab hnub poob suav nrog Serbo-Croatian thiab Slovene.
hom lus hauv Moldova yog Romanian. Moldovan thiab Romanian yog, qhov tseeb, tib yam lus ntawm cov tebchaws nyob sib ze. Yog vim li ntawd nws thiaj suav tias yog lub xeev. Qhov txawv tsuas yog tias Romanian qiv ntau dua los ntawm cov tebchaws sab hnub poob, thaum Moldovan qiv ntau dua los ntawm Russia.
