Raws li koj paub, kev ua lag luam, hauv kev paub txog kev lag luam ntawm lo lus, ua haujlwm raws li qee txoj cai thiab kev cai lij choj uas tswj cov khoom siv thiab kev thov, tus nqi, tsis txaus ntawm cov khoom lossis nws cov khoom seem. Cov tswv yim no yog qhov tseem ceeb thiab cuam tshuam rau tag nrho lwm cov txheej txheem. Dab tsi yog cov khoom tsis txaus thiab cov nyiaj seem, nrog rau cov txheej txheem rau lawv cov tsos thiab tshem tawm tau tham hauv qab no.
Basic concepts
Qhov xwm txheej zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev ua lag luam yog tib yam ntawm cov khoom muag, thiab cov neeg yuav khoom npaj yuav khoom ntawm tus nqi. Qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev muab khoom thiab kev xav tau yog hu ua kev lag luam sib npaug. Tus nqi uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no tseem hu ua tus nqi sib npaug. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov xwm txheej zoo li no tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv ib lub sijhawm nkaus xwb, tab sis tsis tuaj yeem ua rau lub sijhawm ntev. Kev hloov pauv tas mus li ntawm cov khoom siv thiab kev xav tau, vim muaj ntau yam sib txawv, ua rau muaj kev xav tau los yog nce hauv cov khoom. Yog li muaj phenomena hu ua cov khoom tsis txaus thiabcov khoom seem. Thawj lub tswv yim txhais qhov kev xav tau ntau tshaj qhov khoom, thiab qhov thib ob - tsuas yog qhov sib txawv.
Pom thiab tshem tawm ntawm kev lag luam thoob plaws qhov tsis txaus
Qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb vim li cas cov khoom lag luam tsis txaus tshwm sim ntawm qee lub sijhawm yog qhov xav tau nce ntxiv, uas cov khoom siv tsis muaj sijhawm los teb. Txawm li cas los xij, nrog tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm lub xeev lossis insurmountable tej yam tseem ceeb (kev ua tsov ua rog, kev puas tsuaj ntuj tsim, kev puas tsuaj ntuj tsim, thiab lwm yam), kev ua lag luam muaj peev xwm tswj hwm tus txheej txheem no. Nws zoo li no:
- Kev xav tau nce ntxiv thiab muaj cov khoom tsis txaus.
- Tus nqi sib npaug nce, uas thawb cov neeg tsim khoom kom nce cov zis.
- Tus naj npawb ntawm cov khoom lag luam nce ntxiv.
- Yuav muaj khoom seem (surplus).
- Tus nqi sib npaug poob, ua rau txo qis hauv cov zis.
- Lub xeev ntawm kev muab khoom thiab kev thov tau ruaj khov.
Cov txheej txheem zoo li no tshwm sim hauv kev ua lag luam tsis tu ncua thiab yog ib feem ntawm lub teb chaws txoj kev lag luam. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov txheej txheem tau teev tseg saum toj no, kev tswj hwm tsis tshwm sim, qhov tshwm sim tuaj yeem nyuaj heev: qhov tsis txaus thiab tsis txaus ntawm cov khoom ntawm ib pawg thiab ntau dhau ntawm lwm tus, nce hauv pej xeem tsis txaus siab, qhov tsos. ntawm cov duab ntxoov ntxoo schemes rau ntau lawm, muab khoom thiab muag, thiab lwm yam.
Ib qho piv txwv ntawm yav dhau los tsis ntev los no
Cov khoom lag luam tsis txaus kuj tseem tuaj yeemkuj tshwm sim rau cov laj thawj ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntau dhau hauv kev ua lag luam, uas feem ntau tshwm sim hauv kev npaj lossis kev hais kom ua lag luam. Ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm qhov no yog qhov tsis muaj zaub mov thiab khoom noj khoom haus hauv xyoo 1980s hauv USSR. Ntau dhau lawm, tibneeg hu tauj coob thiab tag nrho inflexible system ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab kev npaj yuav khoom, nrog rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov pej xeem txoj kev noj qab haus huv thiab muaj cov nyiaj ntsuab dawb, ua rau lub fact tias cov khw rhawv yog khoob, thiab loj queues lined rau tej yam khoom., yog muaj. Cov neeg tsim khoom tsis muaj sijhawm los ua kom tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm cov neeg siv khoom, vim tias lawv tsis tuaj yeem teb sai sai rau qhov kev thov - tag nrho cov txheej txheem tau nruj me ntsis rau cov txheej txheem bureaucratic uas siv sijhawm ntev heev thiab tsis tuaj yeem ua raws li kev lag luam. Yog li, rau lub sijhawm ntev txaus, cov khoom lag luam tsis tu ncua tau tsim los ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm kev ua lag luam ntawm tag nrho lub tebchaws. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau kev tswj hwm kev lag luam los tiv thaiv qhov tshwm sim vim yog cov xwm txheej tau teev tseg saum toj no, yog li qhov teeb meem tuaj yeem daws tau los ntawm kev txhim kho tag nrho, lossis los ntawm kev hloov pauv.
Ib qho tshwm sim hauv microeconomics
Cov khoom lag luam tsis txaus tuaj yeem tshwm sim tsis yog ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm kev lag luam ntawm tag nrho lub tebchaws, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv ib tus neeg lag luam. Nws tuaj yeem ua tau ob qho tib si ib ntus thiab mus tas li, yam ntxwv los ntawm qhov tsis muaj cov khoom tiav los npog qhov kev thov rau nws. Tab sis tsis zoo li cov txheej txheem macroeconomic hauv kev lag luam, qhov sib npaug ntawm cov khoom lag luam thiab kev thov, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, nyob ntawm qhov zoo ntawm kev npaj. Muaj tseeb, qhov ceev ntawm cov khoom teb rau kev hloov pauv hauv kev lag luam kuj tseem ceeb heev. Nyob ntawmNyob rau theem microeconomic, qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov khoom muaj ntau qhov tshwm sim: poob ntawm cov txiaj ntsig, qhov yuav poob ob qho tib si tsis tu ncua thiab cov neeg yuav khoom, thiab kev tsis zoo ntawm lub koob npe nrov.
Ua rau thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov seem
Tshaj tawm ntawm ib qho khoom lossis pab pawg ntawm cov khoom dhau qhov kev thov ua rau muaj nyiaj txaus. Qhov tshwm sim no tseem hu ua qhov seem. Cov tsos ntawm cov nyiaj seem hauv kev lag luam kev lag luam yog cov txheej txheem ntuj tsim - qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tsis sib xws - thiab tau tswj hwm tus kheej raws li hauv qab no:
- Txo qhov xav tau lossis ntau dhau.
- Qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov seem.
- Txuag tus nqi hauv khw.
- Txo tawm hauv cov zis thiab khoom.
- Rising market price.
- Stabilization ntawm cov khoom siv thiab kev thov.
Nyob hauv kev npaj kev lag luam, cov khoom lag luam tshaj tawm yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev kwv yees tsis raug. Txij li cov txheej txheem zoo li no tsis tuaj yeem tswj hwm tus kheej vim muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau dhau, qhov nyiaj seem tuaj yeem nyob ntev txaus yam tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm nws qhov kev sib hais haum.
Enterprise-wide surplus
Surplus hauv ib lub lag luam kuj muaj. Cov khoom lag luam tsis txaus thiab cov nyiaj seem hauv microeconomics tsis yog tswj hwm los ntawm kev ua lag luam, tab sis "manually", i.e. Feem ntau los ntawm kev npaj thiab kev kwv yees. Yog tias ua yuam kev hauv cov txheej txheem no, cov khoom lag luam tsis raug muag raws sij hawm daim ntawv tshaj tawm uas tuaj yeem ua rau poob nyiaj. Qhov no tshwj xeeb tshaj yog mobKev txhawj xeeb txog cov khw muag khoom noj thiab lwm yam, lub sijhawm ntawm kev muag khoom ntawm cov khoom uas luv luv. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov nyiaj seem tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau kev ruaj ntseg nyiaj txiag ntawm kev lag luam uas nws cov khoom muaj raws caij nyoog.
Nws tsis tuaj yeem daws qhov teeb meem ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm cov khoom siv thiab kev thov ib zaug thiab rau tag nrho ntawm ib lub teb chaws lossis hauv ib qho kev lag luam. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kev txiav txim siab zoo li no tsis tas yuav tsum tau, vim tias qhov tsis txaus thiab cov khoom seem yog cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb uas, ntawm lwm yam, txhawb kev txhim kho kev lag luam thiab kev tsim khoom, nrog rau kev lag luam thiab kev sib raug zoo hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev xa tawm thiab xa tawm.
