Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no koj yuav tau paub txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm Lenin's "Materialism thiab Empirio-Criticism". Qhov no yog ib qho haujlwm tseem ceeb rau keeb kwm ntawm Marxist kev xav. Materialism thiab Empirio-Kev thuam yog ib txoj haujlwm philosophical los ntawm Vladimir Lenin luam tawm xyoo 1909. Nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau kawm nyob rau hauv txhua lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab ntawm Soviet Union raws li qhov chaw ua haujlwm hauv thaj chaw ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm cov khoom siv kev xav, ib feem ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hu ua "Marxist-Leninist Philosophy".
Lenin tau sib cav tias tib neeg txoj kev xav kom raug thiab raug cuam tshuam txog lub hom phiaj sab nraud. Tag nrho ntawm Lavxias teb sab Marxism, uas nws lub tswv yim yog qhov txawv los ntawm ib qho originality, yog inclined mus rau tib qhov xaus.
Kev tsis sib haum xeeb
Leninformulates lub hauv paus philosophical contradiction ntawm lub hom phiaj thiab materialism raws li nram no: "Materialism yog kev lees paub ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv lawv tus kheej sab nraum ntawm kev nco qab. Cov tswv yim thiab kev xav yog cov ntawv luam lossis cov duab ntawm cov khoom no. Cov lus qhia tawm tsam (kev xav zoo) hais tias: cov khoom tsis muaj nyob sab nraud ntawm kev nco qab, lawv yog "kev sib txuas ntawm kev xav".
History
Phau ntawv, uas nws lub npe tag nrho yog Materialism thiab Empirio-Tshaj Tawm: Cov Lus Cim Tseem Ceeb ntawm Kev Ntseeg Kev Ntseeg, tau sau los ntawm Lenin thaum Lub Ob Hlis thiab Lub Kaum Hli 1908, thaum nws raug ntiab tawm mus rau Geneva thiab London, thiab luam tawm hauv Moscow hauv lub Tsib Hlis. 1909 los ntawm Zveno Publishing House. Cov ntawv sau qub thiab cov ntaub ntawv npaj tau ploj lawm.
Feem ntau ntawm phau ntawv tau sau thaum Lenin nyob hauv Geneva, tshwj tsis yog ib hlis siv hauv London, qhov chaw nws tau mus xyuas lub tsev qiv ntawv British Tsev khaws puav pheej kom nkag mus rau cov khoom siv tswv yim niaj hnub thiab kev tshawb fawb ntuj. Qhov ntsuas tau sau ntau dua 200 qhov chaw rau phau ntawv.
Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1908, Lenin tau tsiv tawm ntawm Geneva mus rau Paris, qhov twg txog lub Plaub Hlis 1909 nws tau ua haujlwm kho cov pov thawj. Qee nqe lus raug kho kom tsis txhob muaj koob muaj npe censorship. Nws tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv tsarist Russia nrog kev nyuaj heev. Lenin hais rau qhov kev faib tawm sai sai ntawm phau ntawv thiab hais tias "tsis yog tsuas yog sau ntawv xwb, tab sis tseem muaj lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm nom tswv" tau cuam tshuam nrog nws cov ntawv tshaj tawm.
Background
Nov yog ib qho haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm Lenin. Phau ntawv tau sau raws li kev tawm tsam thiabKev thuam ntawm peb-ntim ua haujlwm Empiriomonism (1904-1906) los ntawm Alexander Bogdanov, nws tus neeg sib tw nom tswv hauv tog. Thaum Lub Rau Hli 1909, Bogdanov tau swb ntawm Bolshevik lub rooj sib tham me me hauv Paris thiab raug ntiab tawm ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Central, tab sis nws tseem tuav lub luag haujlwm tsim nyog hauv pawg sab laug. Nws tau koom nrog Lavxias Revolution thiab tom qab xyoo 1917 tau raug tsa los ua tus thawj coj ntawm Socialist Academy ntawm Social Sciences.
Khoom siv thiab Empirio-Kev thuam tau rov luam tawm hauv Lavxias hauv xyoo 1920 nrog ib tsab xov xwm los ntawm Vladimir Nevsky raws li kev taw qhia. Tom qab ntawd nws tau tshwm sim hauv ntau dua 20 hom lus thiab tau txais cov xwm txheej canonical hauv Marxist-Leninist lub tswv yim, zoo li ntau ntawm Lenin lwm cov ntawv sau.
"Materialism thiab empirio-criticism" los ntawm Lenin: cov ntsiab lus
Nyob rau hauv Tshooj I, "Lub Epistemology ntawm Empirio-Kev thuam thiab Dialectical Materialism I," Lenin tham txog "solipsism" ntawm Mach thiab Avenarius. Qhov kev paub daws teeb meem no (thaum xub pom) cov lus hais tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau lub tswv yim ntawm Lavxias Marxism.
Nyob rau hauv Tshooj II "Lub Epistemology ntawm Empiriocriticism thiab Dialectical Materialism II" Lenin, Chernov thiab Basarov sib piv cov kev xav ntawm Ludwig Feuerbach, Joseph Dietzgen thiab Friedrich Engels thiab tawm tswv yim txog kev coj ua hauv epistemology.
Nyob rau hauv Tshooj III, "Lub Epistemology ntawm Empirio-Criticism thiab Dialectical Materialism III," Lenin nrhiav los txhais "qhov teeb meem" thiab "kev paub" thiab txiav txim siab cov lus nug ntawm causality thiab tsim nyog ntawm xwm, nrog rau "kev ywj pheej thiab tsim nyog" thiab "txoj cai ntawm kev xav txog kev lag luam." Ntau lub sijhawm tau mob siab rau qhov no"Materialism thiab Empirio-Criticism" los ntawm Lenin.
Nyob rau hauv Tshooj IV: "Lub Idealist Philosophers li Co-authors thiab Successors ntawm Empirio-Tswv" Lenin tshuaj xyuas Kant qhov kev thuam (ob leeg ntawm sab xis thiab sab laug), lub tswv yim ntawm immanence, Bogdanov lub empirionism, thiab Hermann von Helmholtz qhov kev thuam ntawm "cov cim kev xav".
Nyob rau Tshooj V: "Qhov Kawg Revolution hauv Kev Tshawb Fawb thiab Kev Xav Txog Kev Txawj Ntse," Lenin txiav txim siab thesis tias "kev kub ntxhov ntawm lub cev" tau "tawm los ntawm teeb meem." Nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus no, nws hais txog "physical idealism" thiab sau ntawv (ntawm p. 260): "Tom qab tag nrho, tib yam khoom ntawm qhov teeb meem, kev lees paub uas cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom siv tswv yim, yog cov cuab yeej ntawm kev ua lub hom phiaj kev muaj tiag sab nraum peb. nco ntsoov."
Ntawm Tshooj VI: Empirio-kev thuam thiab keeb kwm Materialism, Lenin tshuaj xyuas cov kws sau ntawv xws li Bogdanov, Suvorov, Ernst Haeckel thiab Ernst Mach.
Ntxiv rau Tshooj IV, Lenin tig rau lo lus nug: "N. G. Chernyshevsky thuam Kantianism los ntawm dab tsi?"
Dab tsi yog empirio-kev thuam
Lub tswv yim no hauv nws daim ntawv ib txwm yog tsim los ntawm Ernst Mach. Los ntawm 1895 txog 1901 Mach tuav lub rooj zaum tsim tshiab ntawm "keeb kwm thiab lub tswv yim ntawm inductive sciences" ntawm University of Vienna. Hauv nws cov kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm-philosophical, Mach tau tsim ib lub tswv yim zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev tshawb fawb uas tau los ua neeg nyiam nyob rau xyoo 19th thiab 20th. Nws thawj zaug saib cov kev cai lij choj raws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov xwm txheej sim tsim los ua kom cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj nkag siab, tab sis tom qab ntawd hais txog kev ua lej ua haujlwm tau zoo dua.txoj kev piav txog kev hnov zoo li tshwm sim. Yog li cov kev cai lij choj, txawm hais tias qhov zoo tshaj plaws, muaj kev txhawj xeeb ntau dua nrog kev piav qhia cov kev xav ntau dua li qhov tseeb, vim nws muaj dhau qhov kev xav.
Lub hom phiaj uas nws (kev tshawb fawb lub cev) tau teeb tsa rau nws tus kheej yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws thiab kev lag luam tshaj tawm qhov tseeb ntawm qhov tseeb. Thaum tib neeg lub siab, nrog nws lub peev xwm tsawg, sim xav txog lub neej nplua nuj ntawm lub ntiaj teb uas nws yog ib feem, nws muaj txhua qhov laj thawj los ua lag luam.
philosophical clarification
Los ntawm lub hlwb cais lub cev los ntawm qhov hloov pauv ntawm qhov chaw uas nws txav mus los, peb yeej sim tso cov pab pawg ntawm cov kev xav uas peb xav tau txuas thiab uas yog qhov ruaj khov dua li lwm tus los ntawm kev ntws ntawm tag nrho peb cov kev xav..
Mach txoj kev zoo kuj cuam tshuam rau ntau tus neeg Lavxias teb sab Marx xws li Alexander Bogdanov. Nyob rau hauv 1908, Lenin sau cov philosophical hauj lwm Materialism thiab Empirio-Criticism (tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv 1909). Nyob rau hauv nws nws thuam Machism thiab cov views ntawm "Lavxias teb sab Machists". Lenin kuj tau hais hauv txoj haujlwm no lub tswvyim ntawm "ether" yog qhov nruab nrab los ntawm qhov uas lub teeb nthwv dej nthuav tawm, thiab lub tswv yim ntawm lub sijhawm yog qhov tseeb.
Empiriocriticism yog ib lo lus rau ib tug nruj positivist thiab radically empirical lub tswv yim, nrhiav tau los ntawm German philosopher Richard Avenarius thiab tsim los ntawm Mach, uas hais tias txhua yam peb muaj peev xwm paub yog peb cov kev xav thiab hais tias.kev paub yuav tsum txwv rau kev paub dawb huv. Qhov kev tshawb fawb no kuj tau hnov hauv Lenin's Materialism thiab Empirio-Criticism.
Kev thuam lwm lub tsev kawm philosophical
Raws li txoj kev xav ntawm lub tswv yim tseem ceeb, Mach tawm tsam Ludwig Boltzmann thiab lwm tus uas tau hais txog atomic txoj kev xav ntawm physics. Txij li tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem saib xyuas qhov loj ntawm atoms, thiab txij li tsis muaj tus qauv atomic zoo ib yam thaum lub sijhawm, Mach's atomic hypothesis zoo li tsis muaj tseeb thiab tej zaum tsis yog "kev lag luam" txaus. Mach tau muaj kev cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm Vienna Circle thiab lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm kev xav zoo tshaj plaws.
Principles
Mach tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog ntau lub hauv paus ntsiab lus uas txhais tau tias nws lub hom phiaj ntawm lub cev theorizing - tam sim no hu ua "Mach physics".
Tus neeg soj ntsuam yuav tsum ua raws li qhov tshwm sim ncaj qha (raws li nws txoj kev xav zoo). Nws yuav tsum tau tso tseg kiag qhov chaw thiab lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv kev pom zoo ntawm cov txheeb ze motion. Txhua qhov tshwm sim uas tshwm sim muaj feem xyuam rau qhov chaw thiab lub sijhawm (xws li inertia thiab centrifugal quab yuam) yuav tsum raug suav hais tias yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev faib loj loj ntawm cov teeb meem hauv ntiaj teb.
Cov tom kawg yog hu ua, tshwj xeeb, los ntawm Albert Einstein raws li Mach txoj cai. Einstein hu nws ib qho ntawm peb lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm kev sib raug zoo. Xyoo 1930, nws tau hais tias nws "xav tias Mach ua tus thawj coj ntawm kev sib raug zoo", txawm hais tias Mach, ua ntej nws tuag, nws pom tau tias tsis lees paub. Einstein txoj kev xav. Einstein paub tias nws txoj kev xav tsis haum tag nrho Mach cov ntsiab lus, thiab tsis muaj qhov kev xav tom qab ua tiav lawv txawm tias muaj kev siv zog ntau.
Phenomenological constructivism
Raws li Alexander Riegler, txoj haujlwm ntawm Ernst Mach yog tus thawj coj ntawm kev tsim kho. Constructivism ntseeg hais tias txhua yam kev paub yog tsim, tsis tau los ntawm tus tub kawm ntawv.
Dialectical materialism - lub tswv yim ntawm Marx thiab Lenin
Dialectical materialism yog lub tswv yim ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab xwm txheej tsim nyob hauv Europe thiab raws li kev sau ntawv ntawm Karl Marx thiab Friedrich Engels.
Dialectical materialism adapts Hegelian dialectics rau cov khoom siv ib txwm muaj, uas tshawb txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub ntiaj teb nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau ib leeg nyob rau hauv ib tug dynamic, evolutionary ib puag ncig, as opposed to metaphysical materialism, uas tshawb txog qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb no nyob rau hauv ib tug zoo li qub, cais. ib puag ncig.
Dialectical materialism lees txais kev hloov pauv ntawm lub ntiaj teb ntuj tsim thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov yam ntxwv tshiab ntawm kev ua nyob rau theem tshiab ntawm evolution. Raws li Z. A. Jordan, “Engels tas li siv cov kev nkag siab metaphysical uas qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev muaj tshwm sim thiab muaj nws cov hauv paus hniav hauv qis dua; tias qib siab dua sawv cev rau qhov kev txiav txim tshiab ntawm kev ua nrog nws tus kheej txoj cai irreducible; thiab hais tias cov txheej txheem ntawm evolutionary kev vam meej yog tswj los ntawm txoj cai ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, uas muaj kev cuam tshuam cov yam ntxwv ntawm "teeb meem nyob rau hauv tag nrho."
Lub formulation ntawm Soviet version ntawm dialectical thiab keeb kwm materialism (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Stalin phau ntawv "Dialectical thiabkeeb kwm materialism") nyob rau xyoo 1930 los ntawm Yauxej Stalin thiab nws cov koom nrog tau los ua "tus thawj coj" Soviet txhais lus ntawm Marxism.
"Materialism thiab empirio-criticism" los ntawm Lenin: tshuaj xyuas
Dab tsi txog kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm txoj haujlwm no? Txoj haujlwm no tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm Lavxias Marxists thiab suav nrog ntau tus neeg ua haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm Lenin. Phau ntawv no yog nyiam heev los ntawm cov niaj hnub communist. Lenin's "Materialism thiab Empirio-Criticism", cov kev tshuaj xyuas uas tseem tab tom sau, muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau Marxist kev xav.
Cov neeg tshuaj xyuas hais txog tias hauv txoj haujlwm no Lenin tau qhia txog qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm kev thuam thuam, hais txog nws tus cwj pwm tsis tu ncua thiab bourgeois tus ntsuj plig ntawm positivism li ntawd. Positivist pseudo-materialism, raws li Lenin, tau tsim los ua haujlwm rau kev nyiam ntawm cov neeg bourgeoisie raws li ib chav kawm, nrog rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov txiv plig nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ua rau lawv tsis zoo piv rau cov bourgeoisie.
Tib lub sijhawm, Lenin tau qhuas txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom siv lus hais lus. Dialectical materialism, raws li ntau tus neeg tshuaj xyuas, yog ib qho kev hloov pauv ntawm lub tswv yim siab dua li kev xav zoo, thiab ua rau muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm tshiab dua li cov kev txhawb nqa los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb positivist.
