Teeb meem ib puag ncig ntawm Chelyabinsk cheeb tsam. Kev cai lij choj ntawm Chelyabinsk cheeb tsam ntawm ecology

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 07:46

Muaj qee lub sij hawm thaum cov ntaub ntawv tsim tawm nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej, thiab lawv tsis xav tias tus nqi twg lawv muab. Cov khib nyiab nchuav rau hauv cov dej ntws, cov chimneys haus luam yeeb rau saum ntuj, thiab tsis muaj dab tsi. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog tias txoj kev npaj tau ua tiav. Kev lag luam kev lag luam ntawm Chelyabinsk cheeb tsam, uas yog ib qho ntawm feem kev lag luam nyob rau hauv Russia, kuj tau them yuav luag tsis muaj kev saib xyuas rau ib puag ncig, txawm hais tias lawv tau ntev dhau los ua cov thawj coj ntawm cov khoom ntsuas. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev sib tw no kom muaj peev xwm, Chelyabinsk cheeb tsam tau dhau los ua ib qho ntawm kaum cheeb tsam uas muaj kuab lom tshaj plaws hauv Russia. Hauv ntau qhov kev ntaus nqi, nws tau muab tso rau ntawm qhov chaw 73 ntawm 82, lossis ntawm 84 ntawm 85, lossis txawm tsis yog qhov kawg. Ntxiv nrog rau kev muaj kuab paug hauv kev lag luam, ecology yog phem zuj zus los ntawm East Ural radioactive kab laug sab tom qab Kyshtym kev huam yuaj. Tus cwj pwm tsis muaj lub luag haujlwm rau ib puag ncig dhau 30 xyoo dhau los tau ua rau yuav luag 3 npaug ntawm cov neeg mob.mob qog noj ntshav, thiab ib tug ntawm ob leeg raug mob los ntawm cov kab mob ntev hauv cheeb tsam.

Nws tsis tuaj yeem hais tias Ministry of Ecology ntawm cheeb tsam tsis tau sim daws qhov teeb meem. Cov tub ceev xwm niaj hnub tshaj tawm cov cai lij choj ib puag ncig hauv cheeb tsam Chelyabinsk. Tshwj xeeb, hauv 2016, tsab cai tshiab tau tshaj tawm, raws li cov chav kawm ntawm ecology rau cov tub ntxhais kawm yuav raug qhia rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv kawm, kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv rau cov khoom ntuj tsim, thiab kev txhawb nqa yuav raug muab rau cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig thiab kev lag luam. Lub sijhawm kawg rau kev ua raws li Kev Txiav Txim Siab yog mus txog 2025. Kuj tseem muaj txoj cai lij choj "Rau Ib puag ncig saib xyuas", ib txoj cai "Rau Kev Tsim Khoom thiab Kev Siv Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob", ib txoj cai lij choj "Rau Cov Khoom Siv Tshwj Xeeb Tiv Thaiv". Cov neeg ua txhaum cai yuav raug nplua raws li kev nplua, thiab txawm raug tshem tawm ntawm chaw ua haujlwm. Raws li koj tau pom, kev ua haujlwm ib puag ncig tab tom ua hauv cheeb tsam, tab sis qhov xwm txheej tseem tu siab.

Brief keeb kwm yav dhau

Thaum thaj av ntawm Chelyabinsk thaj av tau zoo nkauj heev, cov dej ntws ntawm cov dej thiab cov pas dej tau ua kom pom tseeb, cov nroj tsuag tau loj hlob nyob txhua qhov chaw, thiab tib neeg nyob sib haum xeeb nrog xwm. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, ib qho kev ntoj ke mus txog ntawm cov khoom no, tab sis tsis pom muaj dab tsi muaj txiaj ntsig. Tom qab 70 xyoo, kev ntoj ke mus kawm thib ob tau tshwm sim, uas suav nrog cov kws tshaj lij geologists. Lawv tau tswj xyuas kom pom cov hlau ore ntawm no, uas tau los ua qhov chaw pib rau kev lag luam hauv cheeb tsam. Thaum xub thawj, ib tsob nroj tau tsim hauv Zlatoust, thiab thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th muaj txog peb caug ntawm lawv. Kev lag luam ntawm Chelyabinsk cheeb tsam tau txais tshwj xeeb tshaj yog loj-loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm thawj tsib-xyoo kev npaj. Tam sim no nyob rau hauv ferrous metallurgy ntawm Russia lub cheeb tsam no tsis muaj sib npaug. Ua ke nrog non-ferrous metallurgy, cheeb tsam tsim 50% ntawm cov khoom,ua nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws. Cov nroog loj tshaj plaws hauv cheeb tsam yog Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Zlatoust, Karabash, Miass, Troitsk, Ust-Katav, Kopeysk.

Kev tshuaj ntsuam luv luv

Cov teeb meem ib puag ncig ntawm Chelyabinsk cheeb tsam ua rau muaj ntau yam tshuaj lom nyob hauv huab cua, hauv av, hauv dej ntawm cov dej ntws thiab pas dej. Qhov txaus ntshai tshaj plaws:

• Benzpyrene. Nws raug tso tawm rau saum huab cua, nrog los nag, lossis los ntawm nws tus kheej nyob hauv av, los ntawm qhov chaw nws nkag mus rau cov nroj tsuag. Muaj peev xwm khaws cia hauv lub cev. Nws yog ib qho muaj zog carcinogen, ua rau kev hloov pauv hauv cov noob, rhuav tshem DNA.
• Formaldehyde. Heev lom thiab tawg. Ua rau kab mob ntawm qhov muag, tawv nqaij, paj hlwb.
• Hydrogen sulfide. Hauv cov koob tshuaj tsawg kawg nkaus, nws muaj txiaj ntsig, yog tias ntau dhau, nws ua rau xeev siab, mob taub hau, pulmonary edema, thiab tuaj yeem ua rau tuag.
• Nitrogen dioxide. Ua kua qaub los nag, tshuaj lom heev, hloov cov qauv ntshav.
• Heavy metals. Kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov menyuam yaus qeeb qeeb. Muaj peev xwm khaws tau hauv cov nroj tsuag, ntses, nqaij qaib thiab tsiaj txhu. Tib neeg tuaj yeem ua rau mob qog noj ntshav thiab ntau yam kab mob hnyav.

Chelyabinsk air

Lub nroog zoo nkauj no hu ua lub peev ntawm Sab Qab Teb Urals. Nws tau coj nws keeb kwm txij li xyoo 1743. Yuav luag peb puas xyoo, kev tsim khoom lag luam tau tsim tawm ntawm no. Cov teeb meem ib puag ncig ntawm Chelyabinsk cheeb tsam tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kev sib txuas nrog kev ua hauj lwm ntawm xws li industrial giants xws li ib tug ferroalloy cog (Electrometallurgical Plant), zinc tsob nroj (ChTsZ), forging thiab nias, yeeb nkab dov,tshuab cuab tam, crane factories.

Tshwj tsis yog rau cov lag luam, cov tsheb tsav ua rau ib puag ncig phem. Hauv nroog, muaj 340 lub tsheb rau 1,000 tus pej xeem (nrog rau cov menyuam mos), cov pa phem uas muaj txog li 120,000 tons, lossis 44% ntawm tag nrho cov pa phem ib puag ncig. Qhov tsis zoo ib puag ncig feem ntau yog cov nroj tsuag metallurgical (CHMK), uas tso tawm 46.6% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom muaj kev phom sij rau kev noj qab haus huv rau hauv qhov chaw. Qhov chaw thib ob tau coj los ntawm lub tuam txhab "Fortum", uas suav nrog peb CEC thiab GRES. Qhov thib peb yog CHEKM. Nyob rau hauv Chelyabinsk huab cua, thaum coj mus kuaj, ntau tshaj ntawm benzpyrene, formaldehyde, nitrogen dioxide, phenol thiab hydrogen sulfide los ntawm ob peb zaug yog tas li kuaj.

Chelyabinsk dej

Cov teeb meem ib puag ncig ntawm Chelyabinsk cheeb tsam cuam tshuam nrog cov pa phem tsis yog huab cua xwb. Cov lag luam tshuaj lom cov dej hauv reservoirs. Thaum lub xyoo lawv pov tseg yuav luag 200 lab m3 ntawm txhua hom kev qias neeg rau hauv tus dej, tua txhua yam muaj sia nyob hauv lawv. Lub ntsiab dej hlab ntsha ntawm lub nroog yog tus dej Miass. Nws tau txais cov dej khib nyiab tsis kho los ntawm 26 lub tuam txhab, suav nrog cov liaj teb hauv zej zog. Hauv dej ntawm Miass, cov khoom raug tshem tawm, cov hlau, thiab cov khoom siv roj pom muaj 2-15 npaug siab dua li MPC. Tsis deb ntawm lub nroog Karabash, tus dej Sak-Elga ntws mus rau hauv Miass, uas, qhov tseeb, tau dhau los ua cov dej phwj tuaj. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw no, nyob rau hauv cov dej ntawm Miass, ecologists ntes hnyav hlau ions, uas ua rau 1,130 MPC. Tag nrho cov no ntws mus rau Argazinsky reservoir. Cov neeg nyob hauv Chelyabinsk thiab cheeb tsam tau haus dej los ntawm lwm lub reservoir - Shershnevsky. Txog hnub tim, Ministry of Ecology ntawm Chelyabinskcheeb tsam, tau txiav txim siab, tau txiav txim siab ua raws li cov qauv dej hauv lub pas dej no. Txawm li cas los xij, ib qho kev ywj pheej ntawm ib puag ncig los ntawm Moscow, raws li lawv cov kev ntsuas, tau lees paub qhov tsis ua raws li Shershnevskoye reservoir nrog cov qauv ntawm cov dej haus.

Chelyabinsk av

Cov av hauv nroog kuj muaj kuab heev. Arsenic, cadmium, txhuas tau pom nyob rau hauv ntau dhau ntawm cov qauv, thiab zinc cov ntsiab lus tau tshaj MPC los ntawm yuav luag 20%. Cov teeb meem ib puag ncig ntawm Chelyabinsk cheeb tsam ntsig txog av ua rau muaj kev txhawj xeeb loj ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb. Txog rau hnub tim, tus nqi ntawm cov av uas muaj kab mob hnyav yog 95.6 txhiab hectares. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, benzpyrene pom saum toj no tus qauv los ntawm 21.8 txhiab hectares, roj cov khoom - los ntawm 1.9 txhiab, zinc - los ntawm 12 txhiab, arsenic - los ntawm 3.8 txhiab hectares. Nws tsis yog nyuaj rau xav txog tej yam txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub loj hlob nyob rau hauv tej av.

Qhov xwm txheej uas txaus ntshai tshaj plaws yog nyob ze ntawm Mechel kev lag luam, qhov twg benzpyrene hauv cov av muaj nyob rau ntawm qhov siab ntawm 437 MPC, thiab nyob deb ntawm 1 km ntawm Mechel - 80 MPC. Tsis tas li ntawd qhov tsis zoo yog thaj av ze ntawm CheMK, qhov twg benzpyrene yog 40 MPC, thiab ChTZ, qhov twg cov tshuaj phem no yog 20 MPC.

Magnitogorsk

Lub nroog no tau ua nws keeb kwm txij li xyoo 1929, thaum cog ntoo metallurgical tau tsim los ntawm no, txawm hais tias Magnitnaya fortress muaj nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. Tam sim no, nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm ntau lawm ntim, Magnitogorsk occupies lub thib ob txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam. Cov tuam txhab loj tshaj plaws ntawm no yog cov nroj tsuag metallurgical (MMK), cov cement-refractory thiab crane nroj tsuag, OJSC"Installer", "Prokatmontazh", "Sitno", "Magnitostroy". Ua tsaug rau lub luag haujlwm ntawm lawv cov thawj coj, ecology ntawm Chelyabinsk cheeb tsam tag nrho raug kev txom nyem. Qhov feem ntawm MMK nyob rau hauv atmospheric pa phem ntawm lub nroog yog 96%. Yog tias koj qhib qhov ntsuas no, cov lej yuav txaus ntshai. Txhua txhua hnub, cov nroj tsuag tawm 128 tons ntawm cov hmoov av zoo, 151 tons ntawm SO2 (qhov no yog sulfur dioxide) rau hauv qhov chaw. Hauv cov hmoov av zoo, cov tshuaj no tau pom tias tshaj MPC los ntawm 3-10 zaug: txhuas, tooj liab, chromium, hlau, benzene, benzpyrene, toluene, thiab huab cua yog qias neeg hauv txhua lub nroog. Hauv cov av, cov qauv ntawm arsenic yog tshaj 155 zaug, npib tsib xee los ntawm 43 npaug, thiab benzpyrene los ntawm 87 npaug. Sab nraum lub nroog, qhov xwm txheej tsis zoo dua. Ntawm no, cov khoom tsis zoo hauv cov av tau pom "tsuas yog" 45 npaug siab dua li cov qauv.

Chrysostom

Lub nroog no tau tsim los ua ke nrog kev tsim kho thawj zaug metallurgical cog hauv cheeb tsam, uas yog, xyoo 1754. Tam sim no cov tuam txhab lag luam loj tshaj plaws ntawm Chelyabinsk cheeb tsam tau tsom mus rau ntawm no - cov nroj tsuag electrometallurgical thiab tshuab tsim, lub Hoobkas caj npab, cov qauv hlau cog thiab ntau lub lag luam loj thiab me. Tag nrho ua ke lawv tso tawm txog 7.7 txhiab tons ntawm cov khoom tsis zoo rau hauv qhov chaw ib xyoos ib zaug. Los ntawm 1993 txog 1996, ua tsaug rau kev siv zog ntawm cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig, emissions poob li ntawm 1.5 npaug, tab sis txij li xyoo 2000s lawv tau nce ntxiv. Cov tub ceev xwm hauv nroog tab tom sim txhim kho ib puag ncig, uas lawv tab tom ntxuav cov av hauv qab hauv Balashikha reservoir, ua kom muaj cov kav dej ntau dua 2 km ntev,tsim los kom cov dej tsis huv.

Karabash

Tsuas muaj li ntawm 11,000 tus neeg nyob hauv qhov kev sib hais haum no. Los ntawm Chelyabinsk mus rau nws txoj kab ncaj nraim me ntsis ntau tshaj 80 km. Karabash yog lub nroog me me, yog li tsis muaj ntau lub tuam txhab lag luam ntawm no. Ntawm lawv yog 2 abrasive nroj tsuag thiab ZAO Karabashmed. Qhov kev lag luam blister tooj liab no tau sim ua kom ib puag ncig ntawm Chelyabinsk cheeb tsam qhov phem tshaj plaws hauv lub tebchaws.

Lawv txawm sim kaw cov nroj tsuag, vim nws "khoom plig" txhua tus neeg nyob nrog 7 tons ntawm sulfurous anhydrite, uas yog tshuaj lom heev, ib xyoos. Nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, nws ua ke nrog oxygen, uas ua rau acid los nag. Tam sim no qhov xwm txheej hauv Karabash tau lees paub tias yog qhov tseem ceeb. Nyob ib ncig ntawm lub nroog, ntau xyoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm, cov nroj tsuag tau tsim heaps ntawm khib nyiab slag mus txog 40 meters siab. Tseem muaj lub roob Bald, uas cov neeg hauv nroog tau tshaj tawm cov lus "Txuag thiab cawm." Ib lub ncauj lus cais yog tus dej Sak-Elga. Cov dej hauv nws yog xim daj-txiv kab ntxwv, thiab cov ntug dej hiav txwv yog ciam teb los ntawm cov pob zeb crooked los ntawm cov tshuaj corrosion.

Lwm lub nroog

Lub nroog Ozersk tsa ntau cov lus nug ib puag ncig, qhov tseeb dua, nws lub koom haum tsim khoom Mayak, uas tsim cov khoom ntawm cov riam phom nuclear thiab yog tus saib xyuas khaws cia cov roj nuclear. Cov hluav taws xob keeb kwm yav dhau hauv lub nroog no yog qhov nruab nrab rau Russia, txawm li cas los xij, pov tseg pov tseg rau hauv Techa River tau txais kev pab ntev thiab tam sim no yog qhov chaw ntawm hluav taws xob raug rau ntau pua tus neeg.

Qhov xwm txheej ntxhov siab hauv lub nroog Korkino, nrog rau hauv lub zos Roza. Ntawm no cov huab cua yog lom los ntawm kev haus luam yeeb rift. Interestingly, hauv zosCov kws tshaj lij hu rau qhov xwm txheej tam sim no tsis txaus ntshai, tab sis cov benzpyrene tawm nrog cov pa luam yeeb tsis dhau MPC, thiab cov kws tshaj lij Moscow, uas tau ntsuas, lees paub Korkino yog thaj chaw muaj kev puas tsuaj.

Cov tub ceev xwm raug haunted los ntawm ib puag ncig teeb meem ntawm lub nroog Chebarkul, Chelyabinsk cheeb tsam. Muaj ob peb lub lag luam loj ntawm no. Ntawm lawv yog cinder thaiv cov nroj tsuag, ib tsob ntoo crane thiab plywood thiab pobzeb cog. Nws yog cov nroj tsuag no, uas siv formaldehyde hauv cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis, uas ua rau muaj qhov xwm txheej tsis zoo. Thaum hlawv lossis khaws cov khoom pov tseg, formaldehyde nkag mus rau hauv huab cua, av thiab dej. Kev ntsuas tau pom tias nws cov nyiaj ntau dua MPC los ntawm ob peb zaug.

Radiation

Ntawm kev txhawj xeeb tshwj xeeb txog qhov teeb meem ntawm hluav taws xob hauv cheeb tsam Chelyabinsk yog lub koom haum tsim khoom "Mayak", nyob, peb rov hais dua, hauv Ozersk. Txij xyoo 1950 txog 2000, 32 qhov xwm txheej ceev tau sau tseg ntawm qhov kev lag luam tawm tswv yim, uas ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov hluav taws xob keeb kwm yav dhau los. Tau ntev, tag nrho cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas muaj cov isotopes ntawm strontium, cesium, plutonium, zirconium tau muab pov rau hauv Techa River, uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tas li ntawm txhua tus neeg nyob hauv nws cov ntug dej. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, tshaj 50 xyoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm (txog 2000), Mayak xa 1.8 billion becquerels ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob mus rau hauv cov huab cua, ua paug rau 25,000 km2. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv cov dej qias neeg los ntawm kev nkag mus rau hauv tus dej, ua kom muaj ntau lub tso tsheb hlau luam hu ua cascades. Tab sis lawv tsis ua kom tiav cov loads vim yog tsim yuam kev. Ntxiv mus, kom deb li debEast Ural radioactive txoj kev, uas tau tsim tom qab Mayak xwm txheej nyob rau hauv 1957, yog ib tug txaus ntshai. Tom qab ntawd, vim qhov tawg ntawm ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv av, ntau dua 20 lab curies ntawm cov hluav taws xob isotopes tau nkag mus rau hauv cov cua, uas tau nqa los ntawm cua mus rau Tyumen. Cov neeg uas tau poob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm kev nqis tes ua ntawm huab tau rov qab los, lawv cov cuab yeej raug puas tsuaj, thiab East Ural Reserve tau tsim nyob rau thaj chaw muaj kab mob. Tseem tsis tau tso cai mus khaws tau nceb, berries, ntses, noj nyuj, los yog taug kev ntawm no xwb.

Tsev pov tseg

Ministry of Ecology ntawm Chelyabinsk Cheeb Tsam tab tom cuam tshuam nrog txhua yam teeb meem saum toj no. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub nroog loj ntawm cheeb tsam, Chelyabinsk, muaj lwm qhov loj ntawm cov pa phem - ib tug pov tseg ntawm tsev neeg pov tseg. Qhov kev daws teeb meem zoo tshaj plaws rau qhov teeb meem no yog kev tsim kho kev lag luam pov tseg. Tseem tsis tau muaj nyob hauv Chelyabinsk. Txhua txhua hnub, txij li xyoo 1949, tag nrho cov khib nyiab tau raug coj mus rau qhov chaw pov tseg hauv nroog. Tam sim no nws cheeb tsam yog li 80 km2, thiab qhov siab ntawm lub roob khib nyiab yog ntau tshaj 40 meters. Ntawm tag nrho cov hauj lwm kom tshem tawm xws li ib tug loj-scale qhov chaw ntawm ib puag ncig muaj kuab paug, tsuas yog nws fencing yog nqa tawm. Tus tswv xeev ntawm thaj av tau ua kom tsoomfwv cov peev nyiaj faib 1 billion rubles txhawm rau tshem tawm cov pov tseg hauv Chelyabinsk, nrog rau txhawm rau txhim kho cov xwm txheej hauv Karabash, Chebarkul thiab ntau lub nroog hauv cheeb tsam.