Tam sim no, ntau dua xya feem pua ntawm cov neeg hauv ntiaj teb siv Arabic rau lawv cov kev sib txuas lus. Nws sau ntawv yog siv nyob rau hauv nees nkaum-ob lub xeev, thiab nws cov kev hloov kho yog muaj nyob rau hauv cov neeg ntawm Is Nrias teb, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran thiab lwm lub teb chaws. Thaum xav txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm tsab ntawv no, ib tus tuaj yeem pom ntau qhov zoo hauv nws, nrog rau kev zoo nkauj ntawm lub suab lus Arabic thiab hais lus.
Keeb Kwm
Keeb kwm ntawm kev sau ntawv Arabic keeb kwm los ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv, uas tau tsim los ntawm Phoenicians nyob hauv Lebanon, Syria thiab Palestine. Vim tias cov neeg no tau ua lawv txoj kev lag luam thoob plaws hauv Mediterranean ntug dej hiav txwv, lawv cov ntawv sau tau cuam tshuam rau kev loj hlob ntawm ntau cov tsiaj ntawv hauv cheeb tsam no.
Yog li, Phoenician sau ntawv tau tsim nyob rau hauv ntau cov lus qhia ib zaug, ib qho ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Greek, thiab me ntsis tom qab cov tsiaj ntawv Latin. Nws cov ceg thib ob tau tshwm sim hauv cov lus Aramaic, uas, hauv nwstig, muab faib ua Hebrew thiab Nabataean cov tsiaj ntawv, uas tau siv los ntawm lub xyoo pua ob BC hauv thaj chaw ntawm Jordan niaj hnub no. Tom qab ntawd, kev sau ntawv Arabic tau tshwm sim muaj.
Kev txhim kho ntxiv
tsab ntawv no tau ruaj khov nyob rau xyoo pua plaub AD, thaum cov tsiaj ntawv tau tsim tag nrho. Tom qab ntawd nws twb muaj peev xwm taug qab hauv nws cov yam ntxwv uas niaj hnub sau ntawv Arabic tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog. Piv txwv li, ib qho thiab tib lub cim tuaj yeem xaiv ob lossis peb lub xov tooj ib zaug, uas me ntsis tom qab pib sib txawv nrog kev pab ntawm cov ntsiab lus hais. Consonants tau sau nrog cov cim shadda, thiab tom qab ntawd cov suab pib tshwm. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sau ntawv Arabic tshuav me ntsis ntxiv rau cov neeg thaum ub xws li Semites, vim nws yog los ntawm lawv tias Arabs qiv cov duab ntawm lawv cov ntawv.
Spelling pib tshwm sim me ntsis tom qab, thaum nws tsim nyog los sau phau ntawv dawb huv ntawm txhua tus Muslims - Kaulees. Yav dhau los, cov lus qhia ntawm tus Yaj Saub Muhammad tau tshaj tawm los ntawm kev hais lus ntawm qhov ncauj, uas tom qab ntawd coj mus rau lawv qhov kev cuam tshuam. Tom qab ntawd, ua tsaug rau lub hwj chim loj ntawm Islam, tsab ntawv no tau dhau los ua ib qho ntawm ntau tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Tam sim no nws tuaj yeem pom nyob hauv ntau thaj tsam ntawm Africa, Central thiab Western Asia, Europe thiab txawm tias Asmeskas.
Spelling nta
Cov ntawv Arabic zoo ib yam li Lavxias uas nws kuj siv cov ntawv tsis yog hieroglyphs. Cov lus thiab kab lus raug sau los ntawm sab xis mus rau sab laug. Lwm qhov txawv ntawm tsab ntawv no yog tias nws tsis muaj cov tsiaj ntawv loj. Txhua lub npethawj cov lus nyob rau hauv kab lus yog muab tso rau hauv daim ntawv tsuas yog los ntawm ib tug me me cim. Cov cim cim sau rau sab saud, uas yog qhov txawv txav rau cov neeg uas hais lus Lavxias.
Kev sau ntawv Arabic txawv ntawm ntau lwm tus nyob rau hauv uas nws tsuas yog qhia cov cim thiab cov suab lus ntev ntawm ib daim ntawv, thaum cov luv luv tsis tshwm sim txhua qhov thiab muab luam tawm tshwj xeeb hauv kev hais lus. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab thaum nyeem ntawv, vim tias cov suab no raug kho nrog kev pab los ntawm ntau cov ntawv sau thiab cov ntawv sau. Cov tsiaj ntawv Arabic muaj 28 tsab ntawv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, 22 ntawm lawv muaj plaub daim ntawv sau, thiab 6 - tsuas yog ob.
Ntau yam thaum ntxov
Hom kev sau ntawv Arabic yog sawv cev los ntawm 6 tus neeg sau ntawv sib txawv, peb qhov tshwm sim me ntsis ntxov dua li lwm tus:
- thawj tus yog Kufi. Nws yog qhov qub tshaj plaws thiab yog raws li cov kev cai geometric ua ke nrog cov khoom ornament. Hauv kev sau cov style no, cov kab ncaj, cov ces kaum yog siv. Lawv raug siv rau daim ntawv siv cov cuab yeej kos duab. Cov ntawv sau no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev sib xws thiab majesty, hnyav thiab solemnity. Ua tsaug rau cov kev zoo no, nws yog nws uas tau siv los sau phau ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm Muslims. Qhov kev sau ntawv no tuaj yeem pom ntawm cov npib Arabic thiab mosques.
- Me ntsis tom qab ntawd los cov suls. Kev txhais lus ntawm nws lub npe ua suab zoo li "thib peb", vim nws cov cim yog peb zaug me dua hauv kufi. Nws raug suav hais tias yog kev sau ntawv zoo nkauj. Yog li ntawd sulsfeem ntau siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam subheadings thiab chaw nyob tseem ceeb. Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm kev sau ntawv no yog nws cov tsiaj ntawv, uas muaj cov duab nkhaus nrog qee hom hooks ntawm lawv qhov kawg.
- Nas. Nws tau tsim nyob ib ncig ntawm lub xyoo pua kaum. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov style yog me me kab rov tav "stitches", thaum lub sij hawm ib txwm khaws cia ntawm cov lus. Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no niaj hnub no, nws yog tsuas yog siv rau luam tawm cov phau ntawv thiab luam ntawv periodicals.
Lub Sijhawm Sijhawm lig
Peb tus qauv no tau tsim tawm me ntsis tom qab ntawm cov ntawv sau saum toj no. Cov no suav nrog hom kev sau ntawv Arabic hauv qab no:
- Talik. Nws tau tshwm sim hauv lub xeev Iranian thiab yog Ameslikas hu ua Farsi. Thaum sau nws, cov ntawv maj mam txav los ntawm sab saum toj mus rau hauv qab, yog li koj yuav xav tias cov lus tshwj xeeb yog sau diagonally. Nyob rau hauv cov style no, cov tsiaj ntawv muaj ib tug du. Nws yog feem ntau faib rau hauv South Asian lub teb chaws, nrog rau hauv Is Nrias teb.
- Rika tes sau. Nws lub hauv paus yog hom kev sau ntawv thaum ub. Qhov tseeb, nws lub npe txhais tias "me nplooj". Nws yog ib qho yooj yim sau, thiab kuj yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws los sau, yog li nws feem ntau siv hauv kev sau ntawv thiab hauv lub neej txhua hnub.
- Divan style. Nws yog feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv tsoom fwv chaw ua hauj lwm. Piv txwv li, ntau yam kev txiav txim, cov ntawv nom tswv thiab lwm hom ntawv xov xwm tseemfwv tau sau rau hauv daim ntawv no.
Monumental style
Arabic sau ntawm no ntau yam yog siv feem ntau ntawm ib qho twgcov ntaub ntawv nyuaj, pob zeb thiab hlau. Nws tuaj yeem pom ntawm ntau yam vaj tse monuments thiab monuments, nrog rau cov mosques, steles thiab npib. Cov ntawv sau no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm angularity thiab nplai, yog li nws yog hom ntawv sau nkaus xwb. Cov style no yog siv rau cov khoom siv hauv kev sau ntawv tas mus li thiab nyiam ua ke.
Los ntawm tag nrho cov saum toj no, peb tuaj yeem xaus tias tsab ntawv Arabic nws tus kheej yog qhov yooj yim, yog tias koj kawm nws yam tsis muaj kev txhawj xeeb thiab kev ntshai ntawm qhov raug.
