av nplaum ntxhia yog aqueous aluminium phyllosilicates, qee zaum muaj ntau yam impurities ntawm hlau, magnesium, alkali thiab alkaline ntiaj teb hlau, thiab lwm yam cations pom ntawm lossis ze ntawm qee qhov chaw planetary.
Lawv tsim muaj dej, thiab ib zaug tseem ceeb rau kev tshwm sim ntawm lub neej, uas yog vim li cas ntau txoj kev xav ntawm abiogenesis suav nrog lawv hauv cov txheej txheem no. Lawv yog cov tseem ceeb ntawm cov av thiab tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo rau tib neeg txij li thaum ub nyob rau hauv kev ua liaj ua teb thiab kev tsim khoom.
Kev Kawm
Clays daim ntawv tiaj tus hexagonal nplooj zoo ib yam li micas. Cov khoom siv av nplaum yog cov khoom siv huab cua (xws li feldspar weathering) thiab cov khoom kub kub ntawm hydrothermal hloov pauv. Lawv muaj ntau heev nyob rau hauv cov av, nyob rau hauv nplua-grained sedimentary pob zeb xws li shales, av nkos thiab siltstones, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv nplua-grained metamorphic shales thiab phyllites.
Ntse
av nplaum ntxhia yog feem ntau (tab sis tsis tas yuav) ultrafine loj. Lawv feem ntau suav hais tias tsawg dua 2 micrometers hauv cov qauv particle loj kev faib tawm, yog li cov tswv yim tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau txheeb xyuas thiab kawm lawv. Cov no suav nrog X-ray diffraction, electron diffraction cov txheej txheem, ntau yam spectroscopic txoj kev xws li Mössbauer spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy thiab SEM-EDS, los yog automated mineralogy txheej txheem. Cov txheej txheem no tuaj yeem ntxiv los ntawm polarized lub teeb microscopy, ib txwm siv cov txheej txheem uas tsim cov phenomena tseem ceeb lossis kev sib raug zoo petrological.
Kev faib tawm
Tau qhov xav tau dej, av nplaum ntxhia kuj tsis tshua muaj nyob hauv lub hnub ci, txawm hais tias lawv muaj thoob plaws ntiaj teb, qhov chaw dej cuam tshuam nrog lwm yam minerals thiab organic teeb meem. Lawv kuj tau pom nyob rau ntau qhov chaw ntawm Mars. Spectrography tau lees paub tias lawv muaj nyob ntawm asteroids thiab planetoids, suav nrog lub ntiaj teb dwarf Ceres thiab Tempel 1, thiab Jupiter lub hli Europa.
Kev faib tawm
Cov av nplaum tseem ceeb suav nrog hauv pawg hauv qab no:
- Kaoline pawg, uas suav nrog cov zaub mov kaolinite, dickite, halloysite thiab nakrite (polymorphs ntawm Al2Si2O5 (OH) 4). Qee qhov chaw suav nrog cov pawg kaolinite-serpentine vim qhov zoo sib xws (BaileyXyoo 1980).
- Smectite pawg, uas suav nrog dioctahedral smectites xws li montmorillonite, nontronite thiab beidellite thiab trioctahedral smectites xws li saponite. Hauv xyoo 2013, kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas los ntawm Curiosity rover pom cov txiaj ntsig zoo ib yam nrog cov muaj smectite av nplaum ntxhia hauv ntiaj chaw Mars.
- Illite pawg, uas suav nrog av nplaum mica. Illite yog tib hom ntxhia hauv pawg no.
- Pab pawg chlorite suav nrog ntau yam ntawm cov ntxhia zoo sib xws nrog cov tshuaj lom neeg sib txawv.
Lwm hom
Muaj lwm yam ntawm cov zaub mov no xws li sepiolite lossis attapulgite, av nplaum nrog cov dej ntev ntev hauv cov qauv. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov av nplaum sib txawv yog cuam tshuam rau feem ntau ntawm cov pab pawg tau hais tseg. Kev txiav txim yog piav raws li kev txiav txim tsis tu ncua lossis tsis tu ncua thiab tau piav qhia ntxiv los ntawm lo lus "Reichweit", uas txhais tau tias "ntau" lossis "kev pabcuam" hauv German. Cov ntawv nyeem xa mus, piv txwv li, kom xaj tsis raug-smectite R1. Hom no suav nrog hauv qeb ISISIS. R0, ntawm qhov tod tes, piav qhia txog qhov kev txiav txim random. Ntxiv rau qhov no, koj tuaj yeem nrhiav lwm yam kev txiav txim txuas ntxiv (R3, thiab lwm yam). Cov txheej txheem av nplaum sib xyaw, uas yog hom zoo meej ntawm R1, feem ntau tau txais lawv cov npe. R1-ordered chlorite-smectite yog hu ua corrensite, R1 - illite-smectite - rectorite.
Study history
Kev paub txog av nplaum, nkag siab ntau duanyob rau xyoo 1930 nrog kev txhim kho ntawm X-ray diffraction thev naus laus zis xav tau los tshuaj xyuas cov molecular xwm ntawm av nplaum hais. Standardization ntawm terminology tshwm sim nyob rau lub sij hawm no ib yam nkaus thiab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov lus zoo sib xws uas coj mus rau kev tsis meej pem xws li nplooj thiab dav hlau.
Zoo li txhua yam phyllosilicates, av nplaum ntxhia yog cov yam ntxwv los ntawm ob sab ntawm SiO4 ces kaum tetrahedra thiab / lossis AlO4 octahedra. Sheet blocks muaj cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg (Al, Si) 3O4. Txhua silicon tetrahedron sib koom 3 ntawm nws cov vertex oxygen atoms nrog rau lwm yam tetrahedra, tsim ib hexagonal lattice nyob rau hauv ob qhov ntev. Plaub vertex tsis koom nrog lwm tetrahedron, thiab tag nrho cov tetrahedra "point" nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev. Txhua qhov tsis sib cais yog nyob ntawm tib sab ntawm daim ntawv.
qauv
Nyob hauv av nplaum, cov ntawv tetrahedral yeej ib txwm khi rau cov nplooj ntawv octahedral, tsim los ntawm cov cations me xws li txhuas lossis magnesium, thiab ua haujlwm los ntawm rau lub pa oxygen atoms. Lub vertex ib leeg ntawm daim ntawv tetrahedral kuj tsim ib feem ntawm ib sab ntawm lub octahedral, tab sis cov pa oxygen ntxiv nyob saum qhov sib txawv ntawm daim ntawv tetrahedral ntawm qhov chaw ntawm rau tetrahedra. Cov pa atom no tau sib koom ua ke rau hydrogen atom uas tsim cov pab pawg OH hauv cov qauv av nplaum.
Clays tuaj yeem faib raws li cov ntawv tetrahedral thiab octahedral tau ntim rau hauv txheej. Yog hais tias txhua txheej tsuas muaj ib tug tetrahedral thiab ib pawg octahedral, ces nws belongs rau qeb 1: 1. Lwm txoj hauv kev hu ua 2: 1 av nplaum muaj ob daim ntawv tetrahedral nroglub undivided vertex ntawm txhua tus ntawm lawv, coj mus rau ib leeg thiab tsim txhua sab ntawm daim ntawv octagonal.
Kev sib txuas ntawm cov ntawv tetrahedral thiab octahedral yuav tsum tau daim ntawv tetrahedral los ua corrugated los yog twisted, ua rau ditrigonal distortion ntawm hexagonal matrix, thiab daim ntawv octahedral kom flatten. Qhov no txo qis tag nrho cov valence distortion ntawm crystallite.
Nyob ntawm seb muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov ntawv tetrahedral thiab octahedral, txheej yuav tsis muaj nqi lossis yuav muaj qhov tsis zoo. Yog tias cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, cov nqi no yog sib npaug los ntawm cov txheej txheem interlayer xws li Na + lossis K +. Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, cov txheej txheem nruab nrab kuj tseem muaj dej. Cov qauv siv lead ua yog tsim los ntawm ib pawg ntawm cov txheej txheem nyob nruab nrab ntawm lwm cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg.
Clay chemistry
Vim tias cov av nplaum feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm cov zaub mov, lawv muaj biocompatibility siab thiab nthuav cov khoom lom lom. Vim nws cov duab disk thiab qhov chaw them nqi, cov av nplaum cuam tshuam nrog ntau yam ntawm macromolecules xws li cov proteins, polymers, DNA, thiab lwm yam. Qee cov ntawv thov rau av nplaum suav nrog kev xa tshuaj, cov ntaub so ntswg engineering, thiab bioprinting.
Clay chemistry yog ib qho kev qhuab qhia ntawm chemistry uas kawm txog cov qauv tshuaj, cov khoom thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm av nplaum, nrog rau cov qauv thiab cov khoom ntawm cov av nplaum. Nws yog ib qho kev sib koom ua ke, koom nrog cov ntsiab lus thiab kev paub los ntawm cov txheej txheem inorganic thiab cov qauv.chemistry, lub cev chemistry, chemistry ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, analytical chemistry, organic chemistry, mineralogy, geology thiab lwm yam.
Kev kawm txog chemistry (thiab physics) ntawm cov av nplaum thiab cov qauv ntawm cov av nplaum yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev kawm thiab kev lag luam, vim lawv yog cov khoom siv dav siv ntau tshaj plaws uas siv los ua cov khoom siv raw (ceramics, thiab lwm yam)., adsorbents, catalysts thiab lwm yam.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Science
Cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm cov av av nplaum, xws li txheej txheej txheej ntawm nanometer nplai, muaj cov nqi ruaj khov thiab hloov pauv tau, muaj peev xwm adsorb thiab khaws cia (intercalate) molecules, muaj peev xwm tsim cov colloidal dispersions ruaj khov, muaj peev xwm ntawm tus kheej kev hloov kho deg thiab interlayer tshuaj hloov kho, thiab lwm tus ua rau kev kawm ntawm av nplaum chemistry yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev thiab muaj ntau hom kev kawm.
Ntau qhov kev paub sib txawv tau cuam tshuam los ntawm tus cwj pwm physicochemical ntawm av nplaum ntxhia, los ntawm kev tshawb fawb ib puag ncig mus rau chemical engineering, los ntawm ceramics mus rau nuclear pov tseg.
Lawv cov peev txheej pauv cation (CEC) yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev ntsuas cov cations ntau tshaj plaws hauv av (Na+, K+, NH4+, Ca2+, Mg2+) thiab pH tswj, uas cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau av fertility. Txoj kev kawm ntawm av nplaum (thiab cov zaub mov) kuj ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev cuam tshuam nrog Ca2+, uas feem ntau yog los ntawm av (dej dej) mus rau hiav txwv. Lub peev xwm los hloov kho thiab tswj cov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov zaub mov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev txhim khoxaiv adsorbents nrog ntau daim ntawv thov, xws li, piv txwv li, tsim cov tshuaj sensors lossis tshuaj ntxuav cov dej tsis huv. Qhov kev tshawb fawb no tseem ua lub luag haujlwm loj hauv kev faib cov av nplaum pawg.
