Txhua lub sijhawm ntawm noob neej, txij li pawg thawj coj mus rau niaj hnub nim no, nws tau nrog cov khoom ua si. Thaum xub thawj, cov no yog cov dab qub qub uas tib neeg pe hawm, tab sis maj mam dhau los ua ib qho kev kawm thiab kev lom zem rau menyuam yaus.
Abashevskaya cov khoom ua si yog "cov tub ntxhais hluas", hom khoom siv tes ua pej xeem no tsuas yog 200 xyoo xwb, tab sis nws muaj nws tus kheej keeb kwm thiab tshwj xeeb "rau npe".
Dab neeg ntawm av nplaum ua si
Pottery muaj nws cov hauv paus hniav nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, yog li nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom paub tias leej twg pib tsim thiab hlawv cov duab ntawm tib neeg thiab tsiaj txhu los ntawm cov seem ntawm av nplaum tom qab sculpting tais. Cov khoom ua si av nplaum Abashevskaya yog lub npe vim nws "keeb kwm" los ntawm lub zos ntawm tib lub npe nyob rau hauv lub Spassky koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm lub xeev Penza.
Nyob hauv lub zos Abashevo, feem ntau cov tsev neeg tau koom nrog kev tsim cov tais diav, tab sis 12 lub teb tau pib tsim cov khoom ua si uas xav tau.
Qee tus tswv tau tso siab rau cov kab lig kev cai ntawm ancient sij hawm, tab sis kuj muaj cov uas tau ua rau cov ntaub ntawv tshiab uas tau dhau los hauv tsev neeg los ntawm ib tiam dhau ib tiam. Abashevskaya khoom ua si, uas nws keeb kwm yog ncaj qha mus rau lub keeb kwm ntawm lub zos, muaj peev xwm "siv" thiab tuav nws originality rau niaj hnub no.
Lub zos ntawm Abashevo
Cov pejxeem ntawm lub zos feem coob ua raws li cov ntseeg qub. Zam kev sib txuas lus nrog cov neeg tsis ntseeg, cov schismatics xaiv pej xeem hom khoom siv tes ua, uas tuaj yeem txwv rau cov zej zog. Lawv muaj cov kev cai nruj heev uas tau sau tseg kom tsis txhob tsis yog cov ntseeg Vajtswv, ob qho tib si ntawm kev sib txuas lus ntawm tus kheej thiab cov cwj pwm hauv tsev.
Lawv kev ntseeg tau tshwm sim hauv lub xuav, "daim npav hu" uas yog Abashev khoom ua si hauv daim ntawv mos lwj nrog horns siab li tus ntaiv mus saum ntuj. Feem ntau ntawm cov motifs ntawm av nplaum trifles yog tsiaj figurines, uas txij li thaum ancient sij hawm rau cov Slavs cim ntau yam ntawm lub neej:
- noog yog hmoov zoo, zoo siab;
- tus nees cim lub hnub;
- dais - lub zog, lub zog thiab lub zog;
- Yj thiab nyuj - lub cim ntawm fertility;
- deer - abundance.
Abashevskaya khoom ua si (daim duab qhia txog qhov no) feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cov kws ua haujlwm hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov neeg uas qhia tus cwj pwm ntawm lawv tus kws sau rau lub ntiaj teb ib puag ncig nws. Piv txwv li, cov poj niam ua cim rau cov ntxhais ruam hauv nroog hauv lub kaus mom funny, thiab kev coj cwj pwm ntawm cov tub ceev xwm feem ntau tau ua hauv daim duab ntawm ib tug tub ceev xwm lossis tub ceev xwm. Yog tias lawv muaj noog nyob hauv lawv txhais tes, txhais tau tias tub sab muaj hwj chim.
Early 20th centuryAbashev cov khoom ua si tau nrov heev uas nws qhov kev nthuav qhia tau tuav tsis yog hauv Moscow xwb, tab sis kuj hauv London thiab Paris.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm Abashev khoom ua si
Daim ntawv tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom ua si los ntawm lub zos Abashevo tam sim ntawd txawv ntawm ntau hom khoom siv tes ua los ntawm cov kws ua haujlwm ntawm lwm qhov chaw. Lub cev elongated thiab exorbitantly ntev caj dab nrog lub taub hau me me nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj yog lub embodiment ntawm lub ntiaj teb no ntawm amazing master Larion Zotkin. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, ob qho tib si cov duab thiab xim ntawm cov kav dej av nplaum los ntawm Abashevo twb tau ua tiav lawm.
Txawm hais tias txhua tus "tus phab ej" ntawm Abashevo tus tswv tau lees paub zoo, lawv muaj qee qhov zoo heev:
- elongated disproportionate lub cev ntawm cov tsiaj sawv tsis tu ncua ntawm luv luv, dav spaced ob txhais ceg;
- ntev tuab caj dab xaus nrog lub taub hau me;
- pab qhov muag tob tob;
- cov tshis, mos lwj, bulls thiab rams yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog loj, feem ntau ntau-tiered horns;
- ntshiab kab ntawm bangs, manes thiab beards.
Nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv, Abashev cov khoom ua si yog reminiscent ntawm pob zeb kos duab, thaum cov neeg thaum ub nyuam qhuav kawm embody lub ntiaj teb no nyob ib ncig ntawm lawv los ntawm kev kos duab. Cov horns ntawm cov tsiaj ua cim tsob ntoo ntawm lub neej, thiab lawv cov tails yog lub qhov uas koj yuav tsum tau tshuab kom cov khoom ua si pib "hais lus". Masters los ntawm Abashev yeej tsis sculpted scenes ntawm lub neej, tsis muab txav mus rau lawv handicrafts. Lawv sawv daws sawv khov kho ntawm lawv ko taw, ua cim cov cag muaj zog nrog niam lub ntiaj teb.
Vim qhov tseeb hais tias hom kev ua yeeb yam pej xeem no tau tsom musnyob rau hauv ib lub zos, nws pib yug ntawm dynasties ntawm craftsmen.
Dynasties ntawm Abashevsky masters
Zotkin dynasty, tus tswv nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom ua si av nplaum, pib nrog Akinfiy Frolovich, yug hauv 1883, thiab nws tus tij laug Larion. Lawv cov xeeb ntxwv thiab cov xeeb ntxwv tseem muaj txoj sia nyob niaj hnub no thiab ua raws li lawv yawm txiv txoj kev coj noj coj ua.
Nws yog Larion Zotkin uas nyob rau hauv 20-30s tau muab lub neej "tshiab" rau Abashev khoom ua si. Ib lub lauj kaub tais diav txawm tau teeb tsa hauv lub zos. Nws tej hauj lwm tsim lub hauv paus ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm nws cov thwjtim. Cov khoom ua si Abashevskaya (daim duab qhia tau hais tias qhov no) muaj nws lub tsev khaws puav pheej, tab sis tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub zos haiv neeg, tej hauj lwm ntawm lub Zotkin dynasty. Lawv nyob hauv tsev cia puav pheej ntawm Penza, Sergiev Posad thiab hauv cov khoom ntiag tug.
Ntawm lwm lub npe nto moo ntawm cov dynasty yog Zuzenkovs, Malyshevs, Yeskins, Nagaevs thiab lwm yam. Txhua tiam neeg tshiab coj nws lub zeem muag mus rau tus duab ntawm Abashev khoom ua si.
av npaj
Ua ntej xav yuav ua li cas pwm cov khoom ua si Abashev, tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau them nyiaj rau kev npaj av nplaum rau kev ua haujlwm. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19, kev rho tawm ntawm cov av nplaum uas yuav tsum tau muaj feem ntau nrog kev pheej hmoo rau lub neej. Nws tau npaj rau lub caij ntuj no nrog cov paj tau ntau lub hlis.
Hnub no, av nplaum tuaj yeem nqa los ntawm chaw txua txiag zeb lossis yuav hauv khw. Yog hais tias cov av nplaum yog los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm nws extraction, tsis muaj hluavtaws additives, ces nws yuav tsum xub qhuav. Tom qab ntawd, cov av nplaum yog crushed, tshem tawm impurities, thiab diluted nrog dej nyob rau hauv ib tug ratio ntawm 1/3.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas qhov loj tsis muaj pob. Cov khoom siv diluted yuav tsum tau tso tseg rau qee lub sijhawm kom cov xuab zeb thiab lwm yamimpurities nyob rau hauv qab ntawm lub tank.
Ntxuav hauv txoj kev no, cov av nplaum yuav tsum tau tso cai kom tuab me ntsis mus rau theem ntawm lub khob noom cookie rau dumplings, ces ua tib zoo knead nrog koj txhais tes, tshem tawm cov huab cua ntau dhau. Txhawm rau txheeb xyuas qhov kev npaj ntawm av nplaum rau kev ua haujlwm, dov ib "khoom qab zib" los ntawm nws thiab maj mam khoov nws mus rau hauv ib lub horseshoe. Yog tias nws tsis tawg, koj tuaj yeem pib sculpting.
Modeling Abashev khoom ua si
Hnub no, ib txoj hauv kev los txhim kho kev txawj ntse ntawm tes, kev xav thiab kev txaus siab rau pej xeem cov khoom siv tes ua hauv cov menyuam yaus yog qhia lawv kom kos cov duab los ntawm plasticine thiab av nplaum. Pib nrog cov av nplaum yooj yim tshaj plaws thiab nkag siab tshaj plaws "pancakes" thiab "sausages" rau cov menyuam yaus, koj tuaj yeem qhia lawv yuav ua li cas rau kos cov khoom ua si Abashev nyob rau theem:
- av nplaum ua tib zoo kneaded nrog ntiv tes kom sov cov khoom thiab muab elasticity.
- Yob ib "khoom qab zib" los ntawm ib pob av nplaum nrog tuab kawg, zoo li cov zaub ntug hauv paus.
- Nyob rau hauv qhov tuab ntawm cov khoom ua haujlwm, ntxig ib lub voj voog ntoo rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm nws qhov loj, uas yuav tawm hauv qhov khoob hauv cov khoom ua si uas tsim nyog rau lub xuav.
- Khoov sab sauv ntawm cov av nplaum dawb paug hla lub bar - qhov no yuav yog lub caj dab ntawm tus tsiaj, los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm cov muzzle me me yog molded.
- Tshem tawm qhov bar ntawm lub cev, sculpt me thickened ob txhais ceg, thiab rub tawm "tail" nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug yeeb nkab qhov ncauj.
- ua qhov ntawm ob sab ntawm lub cev kom ua cov yeeb nkab xuav
Koj tuaj yeem txiav tawm tsis tau tsuas yog ob lub qhov muag, tab sis kuj "wool", ib tug bridle, thiab ntau yam khoom dai nrog ib pawg. Cov menyuam yaus tuaj yeem sculpt lawv tus kheej horns, nws yooj yim dua rau cov menyuam yaus pib nrog dev thiab miv uas lawv paub. Nws yuav nthuav kom ua cov khoom ua si zoo li no tsis yog rau menyuam yaus xwb. Ntau tus neeg laus tab tom pib koom nrog hauv lub lauj kaub tais diav, ib yam ntawm cov khoom ua si Abashev.
Tom qab cov khoom tau qhuav, nws yuav tsum raug rho tawm haujlwm. Cov tswv qub tau siv qhov cub tshwj xeeb rau qhov no - cov cua sov puag ncig ua los ntawm cov cib refractory. Tus qauv loj ntawm cov qhov cub zoo li no yog 1.5 m dav thiab 2 m siab, thiab ib zaug hauv Abashevo, yuav luag txhua lub tshav puam tau ua txhua hnub forges los ua cov tais diav lossis cov khoom ua si muaj zog thiab ruaj khov.
Txhawm rau tiv thaiv cov khoom ua si los ntawm kev tawg, lawv tau npog nrog shards, thiab lub qhov cub tau rhaub nrog ntoo qhib lossis ntoo qhib ntoo. Tom qab tua hluav taws, cov theem tom ntej uas cov khoom ua si Abashev dhau mus yog xim. Nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev kos duab pom tau los ntawm txhua tus - cov khoom tiav tau them nrog ib txheej txuas ntxiv ntawm cov xim monophonic ci ntsa iab. Cov tswv ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th siv glaze, tab sis tom qab cov xim roj tshwm, lawv hloov mus rau lawv.
Coated nrog ib txheej ntawm cov roj pleev xim, cov duab qhuav, tom qab ntawd cov khoom me me tau pleev xim rau thiab varnished ntawm theem kawg. Nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm enamel, qhov xav tau rau varnishing tau ploj mus.
Nyob rau hauv cov lauj kaub tais diav niaj hnub no, txheej txheem nrawm dua thiab muaj kev nyab xeeb dua rau cov khoom, thiab siv cov av nplaum yuav hauv khw tshwj xeeb, tsis muaj dab tsi yooj yim dua li kev nkag siab yuav ua li cas ua ib qho khoom ua si Abashev nrog koj tus kheej tes.
Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Abashevo
Los ntawm kev siv zog ntawm cov neeg nyiam thiab cov kws ua haujlwm uas tseem nyob hauv Abashevo niaj hnub no, lub tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm cov khoom ua si av nplaum tau teeb tsa hauv lub tsev qub ntawm Zotkins. Cov khoom sau muaj ob yam khoom ntawm tus tswv ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th - thaum ntxov 20th centuries, nrog rau cov uas tsim cov khoom ua si hauv artel, thiab tom qab ntawd ntawm lub Hoobkas.
Revival of the Abashevo craft
Ib qho nyiaj tshwj xeeb tsim rau kev txhawb siab ntawm Abashev cov khoom ua si ua kom cov kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov tswv qub tseem nyob. Lub Foundation txhawb cov tub ntxhais hluas kom muaj kev txaus siab rau hom kev kos duab no, uas tau qhib cov kws qhia ntawv tshiab ntawm Spassky College - "tus kws tshaj lij hauv ceramics."
