Cruise missile "Tomahawk": keeb kwm ntawm creation, piav qhia, yam ntxwv

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 08:07

Tom qab Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov nkoj sab hnub poob nyuaj heev. Ntawm ib sab, tsis muaj teeb meem nrog lawv tus lej. Ntawm qhov tod tes, muaj teeb meem nrog lawv cov khoom zoo. Lub sijhawm ntawd, peb lub tebchaws twb muaj cov nkoj uas muaj riam phom loj heev, hos cov tebchaws sab hnub poob tsis muaj ib yam dabtsi li. Lub hauv paus ntawm lawv cov nkoj yog cov nkoj uas muaj cov cuab yeej cuab tam qub thiab cov torpedoes.

Lub sijhawm ntawd, txhua yam zoo li qhov tsis txaus ntseeg txaus ntshai. Qhov tsuas yog qhov tshwj xeeb yog lub nkoj nkoj (tus qauv ntawm peb TAKR) "Long Beach" thiab nuclear aircraft carrier "Enterprise". Yog li ntawd, thaum kawg ntawm lub 60s, kub taub hau ua hauj lwm pib ntawm cov creation ntawm coj cruise missiles, uas muaj peev xwm ua rau kom muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua muaj peev xwm ntawm lub fleets. Nov yog qhov Tomahawk cruise missile tau yug los.

Kev sim thawj zaug

Tau kawg, kev ua haujlwm hauv qhov kev taw qhia no tau ua ua ntej lub sijhawm ntawd, yog li thawj cov qauv tshwm sim sai txaus,ua raws li kev txhim kho qub. Thawj qhov kev xaiv yog 55-nti missile tsim los siv nrog Polaris-hom launchers, uas thaum ntawd yuav tsum tau so haujlwm. Nws yuav tsum muaj peev xwm ya tau 3,000 mais. Kev siv cov tshuab hluav taws xob tsis tu ncua ua rau nws tuaj yeem tau los ntawm "me ntsis ntshav" thaum rov nruab cov nkoj qub.

Qhov kev xaiv thib ob yog me me 21-nti missile tsim los tsim los ntawm submarine torpedo hlab. Nws tau xav tias nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no lub davhlau ntau yuav yog li 1500 mais. Cias muab, lub nkoj nkoj nkoj (Tebchaws Asmeskas) "Tomahawk" yuav dhau los ua trump card uas yuav tso cai rau blackmailing lub Soviet fleet. Cov neeg Asmeskas puas tau ua tiav lawv lub hom phiaj? Cia peb kawm.

Contest Winners

Hauv xyoo 1972 (zoo tshaj plaws ceev, los ntawm txoj kev) qhov kawg version ntawm lub launcher rau cov tshiab cruise missiles twb xaiv lawm. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov kev muab rau lawv cov tub rog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum kawg tau pom zoo. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis Ntuj, lub xeev cov thawj coj tau xaiv ob tus neeg sib tw uas tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws los koom rau hauv kev xeem tag nrho. Thawj tus neeg thov yog cov khoom lag luam ntawm lub tuam txhab paub zoo General Dynamics.

Nws yog UBGM-109A. Tus qauv thib ob tau tso tawm los ntawm lub tuam txhab me me (thiab tsis zoo lobbied) LTV: UBGM-110A missile. Hauv xyoo 1976, lawv tau pib sim los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev sib tw los ntawm submarine. Feem ntau, tsis muaj ib qho ntawm cov qib siab tshaj plaws ua rau tsis pub leej twg paub qhov tseeb tias cov yeej tau lees paub tus qauv 109A hauv kev tsis tuaj kawm.

Cov lus qhia tshiab

Thaum lub Peb Hlis ntxov, Lub Xeev Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas tau txiav txim siab tias nws yog Asmeskas Tomahawk nkoj nkoj uas yuav tsum dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txhua lub nkoj hauv Asmeskas. Plaub xyoos tom qab ntawd, thawj qhov kev tso tawm ntawm tus qauv yog tsim los ntawm ib sab ntawm tus neeg tua neeg Asmeskas. Nyob rau hauv Lub rau hli ntuj ntawm tib lub xyoo, kev ua tau zoo ntawm lub davhlau xeem ntawm lub nkoj version ntawm lub foob pob ua ntxaij coj qhov chaw. Qhov no yog ib qho kev tshwm sim loj hauv keeb kwm ntawm tag nrho cov keeb kwm ntawm lub nkoj, raws li nws yog thawj zaug tso tawm los ntawm lub submarine. Peb xyoos tom ntej no, riam phom tshiab tau tshawb fawb thiab sim, kwv yees li ib puas lub foob pob raug tsim.

Xyoo 1983, Pentagon cov tub ceev xwm tshaj tawm tias Tomahawk lub nkoj nkoj tshiab tau raug sim tag nrho thiab tau npaj txhij rau kev tsim khoom. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev txhim kho hauv tsev hauv thaj chaw zoo sib xws tau nyob rau hauv tag nrho viav vias. Peb xav tias koj yuav xav paub txog kev sib piv cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov cuab yeej siv hauv tsev thiab riam phom ntawm tus yeeb ncuab tuaj yeem tshwm sim thaum Tsov Rog Txias. Yog li, Tomahawk thiab Calibre cruise missiles, sib piv.

Sib piv nrog Caliber

• Hull length without booster ("Tomahawk"/"Caliber") - 5, 56/7, 2 m.
• Length with start booster - 6, 25/8, 1 m.
• Wingspan - 2, 67/3, 3 m.
• Nyhav ntawm non-nuclear warhead - 450 kg (US / RF).
• Lub zog ntawm kev xaiv nuclear yog 150/100-200 kT.
• Tomahawk cruise missile davhlau ceev - 0.7 M.
• Caliber ceev - 0.7 M.

Tab sisDavhlau ntau yam, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom ua ib tug unambiguous sib piv. Qhov tseeb yog tias cov tub rog Asmeskas tau ua tub rog nrog ob qho tib si tshiab thiab qub kev hloov kho ntawm cov cuaj luaj. Cov qub tsuas yog nruab nrog lub taub hau nuclear thiab tuaj yeem ya mus txog 2,600 km. Cov tshiab muaj lub taub hau tsis muaj nuclear, qhov ntau ntawm Tomahawk cruise missile yog mus txog 1,6 txhiab km. Hauv tsev "Caliber" tuaj yeem nqa ob hom kev sau, lub davhlau ntau yog 2.5 / 1.5 txhiab km, feem. Feem ntau, raws li qhov ntsuas no, cov yam ntxwv ntawm riam phom zoo ib yam.

Nov yog dab tsi lub nkoj nkoj "Tomahawk" thiab "Caliber" yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm. Muab piv rau lawv qhia tau hais tias lub peev xwm ntawm ob hom riam phom yog kwv yees li tib yam. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb rau kev ceev. Cov neeg Asmeskas ib txwm tau sau tseg tias qhov ntsuas no siab dua rau lawv cov cuaj luaj. Tab sis qhov hloov kho Calibre tshiab kawg ya tsis qeeb.

Basic Specifications

Cov cuab yeej tshiab yog ua raws li cov phiaj xwm dav hlau monoplane. Lub cev yog cylindrical, lub fairing yog ogive. Lub tis tuaj yeem muab tais thiab muab tso rau hauv ib qho tshwj xeeb compartment nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ib feem ntawm lub foob pob ua ntxaij, lub cruciform stabilizer nyob tom qab. Rau kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv muaj ntau yam kev xaiv rau aluminium alloys, epoxy resins thiab carbon fiber. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv muaj qhov tsis tshua muaj aerodynamic tsis kam, txij li qhov ceev ntawm Tomahawk cruise missile yog siab heev. Ib qho "roughness" nrog cov yam ntxwv zoo li no yog qhov txaus ntshai, vim tias lub cev tuaj yeem sib cais rau hauv daim.mus.

txhawm rau txo qhov pom ntawm lub cuab yeej rau cov chaw nyob, cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb yog siv rau tag nrho saum npoo ntawm rooj plaub. Nyob rau hauv dav dav, nyob rau hauv no hais txog, lub Tomahawk cruise missile (daim duab uas koj yuav pom nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm) yog noticeably zoo dua nws cov neeg sib tw. Txawm hais tias cov kws tshaj lij pom zoo tias lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua kom muaj kev zais zais rau cov neeg nrhiav chaw nyob yog tus qauv ntawm lub davhlau, uas cov foob pob hluav taws yoov, ua rau siv ntau tshaj plaws ntawm cov qauv hauv av, thiab ntawm qhov siab kawg nkaus.

yam ntxwv ntawm lub taub hau

Lub ntsiab "qhov tseem ceeb" ntawm missile yog W-80 warhead. Nws qhov hnyav yog 123 kilograms, qhov ntev yog ib meter, txoj kab uas hla yog 30 cm. Qhov siab tshaj plaws detonation zog yog 200 kT. Qhov tawg tshwm sim tom qab kev sib cuag ncaj qha ntawm lub fuse nrog lub hom phiaj. Thaum siv riam phom nuclear, txoj kab uas hla ntawm kev puas tsuaj hauv thaj chaw muaj neeg coob tuaj yeem ncav cuag peb mais.

Ib yam tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas paub qhov txawv ntawm Tomahawk nkoj nkoj yog nws qhov kev taw qhia siab heev, vim tias cov mos txwv no muaj peev xwm ntaus me me thiab ua kom lub hom phiaj. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov no yog los ntawm 0.85 txog 1.0 (nyob ntawm lub hauv paus thiab qhov chaw tso tawm). Yooj yim muab tso, qhov tseeb ntawm Tomahawk cruise missile yog siab heev. Lub taub hau uas tsis yog-nuclear muaj qee yam riam phom-piercing, nws tuaj yeem suav nrog txog 166 lub foob pob me me. Qhov hnyav ntawm txhua tus nqi yog 1.5 kilograms, tag nrho ntawm lawv yog 24 pob.

Control and targeting systems

Lub hom phiaj raug siab yog ua kom ntseeg tau los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ua ke ib zaugNtau lub tshuab telemetry:

• Qhov yooj yim ntawm lawv yog inertial.
• Lub TERCOM system yog lub luag haujlwm ua raws li cov qauv ntawm thaj av.
• DSMAC qhov kev pabcuam electro-optical referencing tso cai rau missile coj ncaj qha mus rau nws lub hom phiaj nrog qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb.

yam ntxwv ntawm kev tswj circuits

Qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws yog qhov inertial. Qhov hnyav ntawm cov cuab yeej no yog 11 kilograms, nws tsuas yog ua haujlwm ntawm thawj theem thiab nruab nrab ntawm lub davhlau. Nws muaj xws li: lub computer on-board, ib tug inertial platform thiab ib tug yooj yim altimeter, uas yog raws li ib tug txhim khu kev qha barometer. Peb lub gyroscopes txiav txim siab qhov sib txawv ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws lub cev los ntawm ib chav kawm thiab peb lub accelerometers, nrog kev pab los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv lub nkoj txiav txim siab qhov nrawm ntawm cov kev nrawm no nrog qhov tseeb siab. Lub kaw lus no ib leeg tso cai rau kev kho lub taub hau ntawm kwv yees li 800 meters ib teev ntawm kev ya davhlau.

Qhov twg txhim khu kev qha thiab raug dua li DSMAC, qhov kev tshaj lij tshaj plaws uas muaj Tomahawk BGM 109 A nkoj caij nkoj. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias rau lub lag luam ntawm cov cuab yeej no, ib tug digitized daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas ntawm lub cheeb tsam uas lub Tomahawk yuav ya hla yuav tsum xub muab loaded rau hauv lub cim xeeb ntawm cov khoom. Qhov no tso cai rau koj los teeb tsa kev khi tsis tau tsuas yog rau cov chaw tswj hwm, tab sis kuj rau thaj av. Ib txoj kev zoo sib xws, los ntawm txoj kev, yog siv tsis yog los ntawm American Tomahawk cruise missile, tab sis kuj los ntawm domestic Granit.

Cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev tso tawm thiab kev teeb tsa

Ntawm nkoj raucia thiab tso tawm hom riam phom no tuaj yeem siv tau ob qho tib si torpedo raj thiab tshwj xeeb ntsug tso silos (xws li submarines). Yog tias peb tham txog cov nkoj saum npoo av, ces lub thawv launchers tau nruab rau ntawm lawv. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias lub nkoj cruise missile "Tomahawk", cov yam ntxwv ntawm peb tab tom xav txog, yog khaws cia nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb steel capsule, yog "preserved" nyob rau hauv ib txheej ntawm nitrogen nyob rau hauv lub siab.

Cia hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no tsis tsuas yog lav qhov kev ua haujlwm ib txwm siv ntawm lub cuab yeej rau 30 lub hlis ib zaug, tab sis kuj muab tso rau hauv cov pa torpedo ncej yam tsis muaj kev hloov kho me ntsis rau qhov tsim ntawm tom kawg.

Txoj kev tso tawm mechanisms

American submarines muaj plaub tus qauv torpedo raj. Lawv nyob ntawm ob sab ntawm txhua sab. Qhov chaw lub kaum sab xis yog 10-12 degrees, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm nqa tawm lub torpedo salvo los ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws. Qhov xwm txheej no tuaj yeem txo qis qhov tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam. Lub raj ntawm txhua lub cuab yeej muaj peb ntu. Raws li nyob rau hauv domestic torpedo silos, American missiles nyob rau ntawm kev txhawb nqa rollers thiab cov lus qhia. Kev tua hluav taws yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev qhib lossis kaw ntawm lub nkoj lub hau, ua rau nws tsis tuaj yeem "tawm hauv ko taw" thaum lub torpedo tawg hauv lub nkoj nkoj nws tus kheej.

Muaj lub qhov rais saib ntawm lub nraub qaum ntawm lub torpedo raj, uas koj tuaj yeem saib xyuas qhov txhaws ntawm nws cov kab noj hniav thiab qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov txheej txheem,siab ntsuas. Cov lus xaus los ntawm lub nkoj lub tshuab hluav taws xob kuj tau txuas nrog rau qhov ntawd, uas tswj cov txheej txheem ntawm kev qhib lub npog ntawm cov cuab yeej, lawv kaw thiab cov txheej txheem tso tawm ncaj qha. Tomahawk cruise missile (koj yuav tau nyeem nws cov yam ntxwv hauv tsab xov xwm) raug rho tawm haujlwm ntawm lub mine vim kev ua haujlwm ntawm hydraulic drives. Ib lub tog raj kheej hydraulic raug ntsia rau txhua ob lub tsheb ntawm txhua sab, nws ua haujlwm raws li hauv qab no:

• Ua ntej, qee qhov ntim ntawm cov cua compressed nkag rau hauv lub cev, uas ua rau tib lub sijhawm ntawm lub tog raj kheej hydraulic.
• Vim li no, nws pib muab dej rau hauv cov kab noj hniav torpedo.
• Vim tias lawv ntim dej sai sai los ntawm sab nraub qaum, cov kab noj hniav muaj zog txaus los thawb lub missile lossis torpedo.
• Tag nrho cov qauv yog ua los ntawm txoj kev uas tsuas yog ib lub cuab yeej tuaj yeem txuas nrog lub tank siab ntawm ib lub sijhawm (uas yog, ob qho tib si ntawm ob sab). Qhov no tiv thaiv qhov tsis sib xws ntawm cov kab noj hniav ntawm cov raj torpedo.

Raws li peb tau hais lawm, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov nkoj ntog, vertically tso lub ntim tau siv. Nyob rau hauv lawv cov ntaub ntawv, muaj ib tug expelling hmoov nqi, uas tso cai rau koj mus rau me ntsis nce lub davhlau ntau yam ntawm Tomahawk cruise missile los ntawm kev txuag cov peev txheej ntawm nws cov sustainer engine.

Kev tswj cov txheej txheem tua

Rau kev ua tiav tag nrho cov theem kev npaj thiab, qhov tseeb, kev tshaj tawm, tsis yog cov kws tshaj lij sawv ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua yog lub luag haujlwm, tab sis kuj tseem muaj kev tswj hwm hluav taws (aka CMS). Nws cov khoom nyob hauv ob qho tib si hauv chav torpedo nws tus kheej thiab ntawm tus choj hais kom ua. Tau kawg, koj tsuas tuaj yeem muab qhov kev txiav txim kom tso tawm los ntawm qhov chaw nruab nrab. Cov twj paj nruag dua kuj tau tso tawm rau ntawd, qhia cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws thiab nws qhov kev npaj rau kev tso tawm hauv lub sijhawm.

Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim tub rog Asmeskas yuav tsum raug sau tseg. Lawv siv cov kev hloov kho tsis siv neeg thiab kev sib koom ua ke. Cias muab tso, ob peb submarines thiab nto ships armed nrog Tomahawk cruise missiles, cov yam ntxwv kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov uas muaj nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm, muaj peev xwm ua raws li ib tug "organism" thiab hluav taws xob cuaj luaj nyob rau tib lub hom phiaj yuav luag ib txhij. Muab qhov muaj feem ntau ntawm kev ntaus, txawm tias cov yeeb ncuab nkoj lossis hauv av ua ke nrog cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv huab cua muaj zog thiab txheej txheej yuav luag raug rhuav tshem.

Cruise Missile Launch

Tom qab tau txais qhov kev txiav txim tso tawm, kev npaj ua ntej pib pib, uas yuav tsum tsis pub dhau 20 feeb. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lub siab nyob rau hauv lub torpedo raj yog muab piv nrog rau qhov tob ntawm immersion, thiaj li tsis muaj dab tsi cuam tshuam nrog lub foob pob hluav taws.

Tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv xav tau rau kev tua raug nkag. Thaum lub teeb liab tuaj txog, hydraulics thawb lub foob pob hluav taws tawm ntawm lub silo. Nws ib txwm los rau saum npoo ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm 50 degrees, uas yog ua tiav raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ruaj khov. Tsis ntev tom qab ntawd, cov squibs tso cov fairings, tis thiab stabilizers qhib, thiab lub cav propulsion tig rau.

Lub sijhawm no, lub foob pob hluav taws tswj kom ya mus txogqhov siab ntawm kwv yees li 600 m. Ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev, lub davhlau qhov siab tsis tshaj 60 meters, thiab qhov ceev nce mus txog 885 km / h. Ua ntej, kev taw qhia thiab kev kho cov chav kawm yog ua los ntawm ib qho inertial system.

YModernization ua haujlwm

Tam sim no, cov neeg Amelikas tab tom ua haujlwm txhawm rau nce kev ya davhlau tam sim ntawd mus txog peb lossis plaub txhiab mais. Nws yog npaj kom ua tiav cov kev ntsuas no los ntawm kev siv lub tshuab tshiab, roj, thiab txo qhov loj ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws nws tus kheej. Kev tshawb fawb twb tab tom tsim los tsim cov ntaub ntawv tshiab raws li cov pa roj carbon fiber ntau uas yuav muaj zog heev thiab lub teeb, tab sis tib lub sijhawm pheej yig txaus los tsim cov khoom loj.

Thib ob, nws tau npaj los txhim kho qhov tseeb ntawm kev tsom mus rau lub hom phiaj. Qhov no yuav tsum tau ua tiav los ntawm kev qhia txog cov qauv tshiab rau hauv kev tsim lub foob pob hluav taws, lub luag haujlwm rau qhov tseeb satellite positioning.

Thib peb, cov neeg Asmeskas yuav tsis xav nce qhov tob ntawm 60 meters mus rau (tsawg kawg) 90-120 meters. Yog tias lawv ua tiav, qhov kev tshaj tawm ntawm Tomahawk yuav dhau los ua qhov nyuaj dua los tshawb pom. Kuv yuav tsum hais tias cov neeg tsim qauv hauv tsev tam sim no ua haujlwm yuav luag tib yam haujlwm, tab sis kev sib raug zoo nrog peb "Granite". Tsis tas li ntawd, kev ua haujlwm tseem tab tom ua haujlwm hauv kev txo cov radar pom kev ntawm cov cuaj luaj thiab tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv huab cua.

Rau lub hom phiaj no, nws tau npaj siv lub tshuab computer muaj zog dua rau kev sib raug zoo nrog lawv cov khoom cuam tshuam cuam tshuam. Yog ibtag nrho cov no yuav ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib tug complex, thiab qhov ceev yuav kuj yuav nce, ces lub Tomahawks yuav ua tau zoo dhau los ntawm ntau txheej txheej tiv thaiv huab cua.

Ib yam tshwj xeeb ntawm niaj hnub American-ua missile launchers yog lub peev xwm los siv lawv li UAVs: lub missile yuav ya nyob ze lub hom phiaj rau tsawg kawg yog 3.5 teev, thiab nyob rau lub sij hawm no nws xa tag nrho cov tau txais cov ntaub ntawv rau kev tswj. center.

Sib ntaus sib tua

Thawj zaug, cov foob pob hluav taws tshiab tau siv dav thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm tsis zoo "Storm Suab puam", uas tau pib xyoo 1991 thiab tau tawm tsam Iraqi cov tub ceev xwm. Cov neeg Amelikas tau pib 288 Tomahawks los ntawm submarines thiab nkoj ntawm lub nkoj flotilla. Nws ntseeg tau tias tsawg kawg 85% ntawm lawv tau ua tiav cov hom phiaj. Thaum muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm tub rog coob heev uas Tebchaws Meskas tau koom nrog txij xyoo 1991 txog rau tam sim no, lawv tau siv tsawg kawg yog 2,000 lub nkoj caij nkoj ntawm ntau yam kev hloov kho. Txawm li cas los xij, tsuas yog siv cov foob pob hluav taws uas tsis yog nuclear xwb.