Paralogism yog ib qho yuam kev. Nws tuaj qhov twg thiab nws nrhiav tau qhov twg?

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Paralogism yog ib qho yuam kev. Nws tuaj qhov twg thiab nws nrhiav tau qhov twg?
Paralogism yog ib qho yuam kev. Nws tuaj qhov twg thiab nws nrhiav tau qhov twg?

Video: Paralogism yog ib qho yuam kev. Nws tuaj qhov twg thiab nws nrhiav tau qhov twg?

Video: Paralogism yog ib qho yuam kev. Nws tuaj qhov twg thiab nws nrhiav tau qhov twg?
Video: Nkauj tawm tshiab _QHov twg los tau _ by Xim vaj & Xeeb vwj & xis nus vaj _ (2020 - 2021 ) 2024, Hlis ntuj nqeg
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Logic tsim cov kev cai thiab cov cai ntawm kev xav, nrog kev pab los ntawm qhov uas ib tug tuaj yeem tsim qhov tseeb. Txawm li cas los xij, kev ua yuam kev tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv txhua qhov kev tsim kho qhov laj thawj. Lawv tuaj yeem muab faib ua qhov tsis txaus ntseeg thiab tsis nco qab, lossis theej, ua rau paralogisms thiab sophisms.

Kev tsis txaus ntseeg

Paralogism yog qhov ua txhaum tsis nco qab ntawm cov cai ntawm kev xav, vim tsis mloog lossis tsis nkag siab. Los ntawm Greek thaum ub, lo lus tau muab txhais ua qhov tsis raug vim yog qhov tsis tseeb.

Paralogism yog
Paralogism yog

Txawm Aristotle nyob rau ib zaug tau faib paralogisms rau hauv peb pawg tseem ceeb - yuam kev hauv lub hauv paus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj, hauv nws txoj kev, nrog rau kev hloov ntawm cov lus no tau ua pov thawj.

Tam sim no tus nqi ntawm paralogism tsim los ntawm Immanuel Kant tau siv. Raws li Kant, paralogism yog ib qho kev xav uas tsis raug hauv nws daim ntawv, tsis hais qhov tseeb ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus. Nws kuj tau hu ua transcendental paralogism, uas nws txhais tau tias yog qhov kev txiav txim tsis tseeb uas muaj nws lub hauv paus ntawm tib neeg kev xav. Hauv lwm lo lus, nws tau xa mus rau qeb ntawm kev xav yuam kev.

Kev xav yuam kev

Sophisms, tsis zoo li paralogisms, yogtxhob txwm ua yuam kev, lub hom phiaj yog ua kom tus neeg sib tw tsis meej pem hauv qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb, kom dhau lo lus tsis tseeb raws li qhov tseeb.

Logic yuam kev
Logic yuam kev

Qhov kev ua yuam kev no tsis pom tam sim ntawd, tab sis tus neeg sib tw tau cuam tshuam los ntawm qhov tseem ceeb thiab tig nws lub siab rau cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab tsis tseem ceeb.

Lo lus "sophism" yog keeb kwm hauv tebchaws Greece thaum ub, qhov twg kev txawj ntse raws li lub peev xwm los yeej kev tsis sib haum xeeb tau suav tias yog ib qho tshwj xeeb kos duab. Ancient sophists tau siv tshwj xeeb xav txog qhov tsis raug thiab kev ua txhaum cai, nrog rau lwm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws cuam tshuam rau cov neeg mloog. Lawv suav hais tias qhov tseeb txheeb ze. Tsuas yog kev xav yog qhov tseem ceeb rau lawv hauv kev sib cav.

Tsis tas li ntawd, sophisms tau siv los ua qhov tsis txaus ntseeg thiab qhov tshwm sim tsis zoo. Absurdity yog hais txog ib yam dab tsi uas yog absurd thiab illogical. Paradoxes tshwm sim los ntawm qhov tsis txaus ntseeg, qhov tsis sib xws ntawm qee qhov kev lees paub feem ntau.

Examples

Yog li, paralogism yog qhov tsis raug qhov kev txiav txim siab thiab kev xav. Feem ntau, nws tuaj yeem siv los ua pov thawj yam uas tsis tuaj yeem ua pov thawj, yam tsawg kawg ntawm txoj kev no.

Ib qho piv txwv ntawm paralogism yog qhov uas qee tus txiv khib xav. Wb hais tias koj tus poj niam nyiam xim xiav. Raws li qhov no, tus txiv txiav txim siab tias nws tus poj niam dag nws nrog tus phooj ywg hnav ris tsho xiav.

Paralogism piv txwv
Paralogism piv txwv

Lwm tus txiv neej khib liam tias nws tus poj niam dag nws nrog tus neeg nyob hauv qab. Vim hais tias, thaum dai ris tsho hauv qab ntawm lub sam thiaj, tus poj niam tso nws lub tsho hauv qab ntawm tus neeg nyob ze lub sam thiaj. Tus txiv xav tias yog txhob txwm ualos ntawm no nws kos nws qhov xaus.

Ntawm no yog qhov yuav tsum tau muab ob peb qhov kev xav kom nkag siab txog lawv qhov sib txawv ntawm lwm cov laj thawj tsis raug. Piv txwv li, ib qho khoom puas tuaj yeem muaj qee yam khoom thiab tsis muaj nyob rau tib lub sijhawm? Nyob rau hauv sophism txog zib mu, ib tug nug ib lo lus nug: "Puas yog zib mu ob qho tib si qab zib thiab daj?" Obviously cov lus teb yog muaj. Puas yog daj qab zib? Tsis yog, daj tsis qab zib. Yog li qhov xaus, zib ntab yog qab zib thiab daj, tab sis vim tias daj yog unsweetened, nws txhais tau hais tias zib mu yuav qab zib thiab unsweetened tib lub sij hawm. Los yog piv txwv txog tus dev. Tus dev yog koj thiab nws yog leej txiv. Xaus: tus dev yog koj txiv.

Yog li, ob qho tib si sophisms thiab paralogisms yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev xav uas txhawb nqa thiab txhim kho kev xav.

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