Nrog ntau tus vajtswv ntawm cov neeg Loos, Jupiter, tus tub ntawm Saturn, yog tus vaj tswv loj tshaj plaws nrog xob quaj, xob laim thiab cua daj cua dub. Thawj cov neeg nyob hauv Loos ntseeg tias lawv tau raug saib los ntawm lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv ntsuj plig, thiab lawv tau ntxiv rau cov dab no ib tug triad ntawm vajtswv: Mars, tus vajtswv ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog; Quirinus, tus deified Romulus, uas saib xyuas cov neeg nyob hauv Rome; Jupiter, tus vajtswv tshaj plaws. Thaum lub sij hawm sawv ntawm lub koom pheej, Jupiter tau los revered ua tus loj tshaj ntawm tag nrho cov vajtswv, tab sis tus so ntawm lub qub triad tau hloov los ntawm Juno (nws tus muam thiab tus poj niam) thiab Minerva (nws tus ntxhais). Jupiter lub npe tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog "Jupiter Optimus Maximus" uas txhais tau tias "Qhov Zoo Tshaj Plaws thiab Zoo Tshaj" thiab qhia nws lub luag haujlwm ua leej txiv ntawm vajtswv.
Temple on the hill
Zoo li cov Etruscans thiab Greeks ua ntej lawv, cov neeg Loos tau paub txog kev tsim cov tuam tsev loj heev hauv qhov chaw pom tau zoo. Lub Tuam Tsev ntawm Jupiter Optimus Maximus, nyob rau ntawm Capitoline Hill hauv plawv nroog Loos thaum ub, qhia txog qhov kev lig kev cai no zoo (hnub no nws muaj lub tsev square tsim los ntawm Renaissance artist Michelangelo). Hmoov tsis zoo, tsis saib xyuas, rov siv lub pob zeb rau kev tsim kho tshiab thiabreworking ntawm qhov chaw txhais tau tias muaj tsawg heev sab laug ntawm lub Tuam Tsev ntawm Jupiter mus tshawb. Txawm li cas los xij, nws lub hwj chim tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv ntau lub tuam tsev Roman uas coj li nws, ua rau nws yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm nws txoj kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev tsim.
xeev tam sim no thiab thawj qhov tsos
Cov seem ntawm lub tuam tsev suav nrog qhov chaw ntawm lub hauv paus tufa (ib hom volcanic tshauv pob zeb) thiab lub podium, nrog rau qee qhov marble thiab terracotta architectural ntsiab. Feem ntau ntawm cov khoom seem tuaj yeem pom hauv qhov chaw (hauv lawv qhov chaw qub) ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Palazzo Caffarelli, thaum cov seem tseem muaj sia nyob yog nyob hauv Tsev khaws puav pheej Capitoline.
Raws li qhov chaw khaws cia ntawm lub hauv paus archaic, lub podium rau lub tuam tsev tej zaum ntsuas kwv yees li 50 x 60 m. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kev ntsuas no yog qhov xav tau me ntsis. Tam sim no, nws tuaj yeem xav tias lub tuam tsev zoo ib yam li txoj kev npaj ntawm cov tuam tsev ntawm lub archaic Etruscans lig, xws li lub Tuam Tsev ntawm Minerva ntawm Veii (tseem hu ua lub tuam tsev ntawm Portonaccio) - lub siab tshaj plaws podium (platform) nrog ib tug. ib tug pem hauv ntej staircase ua rau ib tug sib sib zog nqus pronaos (chav tsev), uas muaj peb kab, nrog ib tug hexagonal npaj (rau kab thoob plaws). Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm lub Tuam Tsev ntawm Jupiter Optimus Maximus yog nws qhov chaw sab hauv tripartite (peb sab) sab hauv, nrog peb lub cellae (chav) rau peb lub ntsiab deities revered nyob rau hauv lub tuam tsev (Jupiter, Juno, thiab Minerva).
Thaum ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm lub tuam tsev muaj cov ntsiab lus terracotta, suav nrogacroteria (roofline sculptures) thiab ib tug loj terracotta pej thuam ntawm Jupiter tsav lub quadriga (plaub-nees chariot). Nyob rau hauv lub tuam tsev yog lwm depiction ntawm Jupiter, ib tug cult pej thuam supposedly ua los ntawm tus naas ej archaic sculptor Vulka ntawm Veii. Tus pej thuam no tau pleev xim rau xim liab thiab tau tshoov siab cov kev lig kev cai ntawm kev pleev xim rau lub ntsej muag ntawm Roman generals thaum lub sij hawm raug nplua kev yeej.
Raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm cov av nplaum me me (hloov av nplaum) siv los kho cov qauv qub tshaj plaws ntawm lub tuam tsev, qee qhov chaw Loos nco ntsoov tias tom qab kev tsim kho dua tshiab hauv lub sijhawm Roman muaj cov khoom siv ntxiv. Cov kws sau ntawv thaum ub suav nrog Plutarch, Suetonius, thiab Ammianus tau piav qhia lub tuam tsev yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev ua tau zoo thiab zoo nkauj, nrog rau kev tsim ntawm pentelic marble, gilded vuas, gilded qhov rooj, thiab cov duab puab zoo nkauj ntawm lub pediment.
History
Txawm hais tias lub tuam tsev feem ntau tau mob siab rau Jupiter, nws kuj muaj qhov chaw pe hawm Juno thiab Minerva. Ua ke, peb tus vajtswv tsim lub npe hu ua Capitoline Triad, ib pawg los saum ntuj los tseem ceeb rau Roman lub xeev kev ntseeg. Jupiter, Roman sib npaug ntawm Zeus, yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov deities.
hnub tseem ceeb rau Rome
Lub tuam tsev tau tshaj tawm tias ua tiav nyob ib puag ncig 509 BC. e. - hnub nws tus kheej yog qhov tseem ceeb raws li nws qhia txog lub xyoo kwv yees thaum lub sij hawm cov neeg Loos overthrew lub huab tais (uas yog Etruscan thiabnon-Roman) thiab tsim ib lub koom pheej ntawm tsoom fwv. Yog li ntawd, lub tuam tsev tsis yog nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw tseem ceeb ntawm thaj chaw, tab sis kuj yog ib qho kev ceeb toom tsis tu ncua ntawm lub sijhawm thaum cov neeg Loos tiv thaiv lawv txoj kev ywj pheej. Qhov keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm kev tsim cov koom pheej nrog kev tsim kho lub Tuam Tsev ntawm Jupiter kuj tseem tuaj yeem pab txhawb nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv Roman kev ntseeg thiab kev coj ua vaj tsev.
Kev puas tsuaj thiab rov tsim dua
Lub Tuam Tsev Jupiter hauv Rome nws tus kheej raug rhuav tshem thiab rov tsim dua ob peb zaug thaum lub sijhawm Republican thiab Imperial, nrog ntau qhov kev kho dua tshiab ntawm txoj kev. Thawj rhuav tshem hauv 83 BC. e., thaum lub sij hawm kev tsov kev rog hauv Sulla, lub tuam tsev tau rov ua dua tshiab thiab rov tsim dua tshiab hauv 60s BC. Augustus tau thov kom rov tsim lub tuam tsev, feem ntau yuav yog ib feem ntawm nws txoj haujlwm tsim, uas tau pib thaum nws nce mus rau lub hwj chim hauv thawj ib puas xyoo BC. Lub tuam tsev raug rhuav tshem dua xyoo 69 CE. e., thaum lub caij cua daj cua dub "xyoo ntawm plaub tus huab tais." Txawm hais tias nws tau rov qab los ntawm huab tais Vespasian hauv 70s AD. e., nws tau hlawv dua thaum hluav taws hauv 80 AD. e. Emperor Domitian tau ua tiav qhov kev txhim kho loj kawg ntawm lub tuam tsev ntawm 81 thiab 96 AD. n. e.
Tom qab thawj 100 xyoo AD, lub tuam tsev zoo li tau khaws nws txoj kev ntseeg ruaj khov mus txog thaum Emperor Theodosius tau tso nyiaj rau pej xeem rau kev tu cov tuam tsev pagan hauv 392 AD (Christianity tau los ua lub xeev kev ntseeg ntawm Roman Empire). Tom qab no, lub tuam tsevib zaug raug puas tsuaj nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm lig antiquity thiab nruab nrab hnub nyoog. Nws thiaj li, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th BC, ib qho chaw nyob loj, lub Palazzo Caffarelli, tau ua rau ntawm qhov chaw.
Public function
Lub Tuam Tsev ntawm Capitoline Jupiter hauv Rome tsis yog ib lub tsev kev cai dab qhuas nkaus xwb. Los ntawm nws cov theem ntxov tshaj plaws, lub tuam tsev kuj tau xav tias yog qhov chaw khaws khoom ntawm kev cai dab qhuas, kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev nom kev tswv. Piv txwv li, "Sibylline Oracles" (cov phau ntawv uas muaj cov lus faj lem ntawm Sibyls) tau khaws cia ntawm qhov chaw no, nrog rau qee qhov khoom plig, xws li daim ntaub thaiv ntawm Carthaginian General Hasdrubal. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub tuam tsev tau ua lub ntsiab lus kawg rau kev yeej, qhov chaw sib ntsib rau pawg thawj coj saib xyuas, qhov chaw rau kev sib koom ua ke kev ntseeg thiab kev nom kev tswv, cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg rau pej xeem cov ntaub ntawv, thiab lub cim lub cev ntawm lub siab tshaj plaws thiab Vajtswv lub siab nyiam ntawm Rome.
Tej zaum qhov kev piav qhia zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Jupiter's Capitoline Tuam Tsev tuaj yeem pom ntawm Lub Tsev Teev Ntuj Sacrificial Plaque los ntawm tam sim no-poob koov ntawm Emperor Marcus Aurelius. Hauv qhov kev pab no, Marcus Aurelius tau piav qhia tias yog tus pov thawj hlob muab kev txi rau Jupiter nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov neeg tuaj koom. Hauv keeb kwm yav dhau yog lub tuam tsev nrog peb lub qhov rooj, suav tias yog Tuam Tsev ntawm Capitoline Jupiter.
Influence
Txawm hais tias lub Tuam Tsev ntawm Jupiter Optimus Maximus tau tsim nyob rau hauv Etruscan style nrog kev koom tes ntawm Etruscan masters, txawm li cas los xij, nws tseem yog qhov pib rau kev txhim kho ntawm Roman lub tuam tsev kev lig kev cai, uas feem ntau yog.muab cov ntsiab lus hauv zos dav dav rau hauv cov qauv Roman.
Hais txog keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub Tuam Tsev Jupiter tuaj yeem lees paub tau zoo tshaj plaws los ntawm nws txoj kev cuam tshuam rau kev tsim kho Roman cov chaw pe hawm los ntawm ob puas xyoo dhau los BC mus rau peb xyoo pua AD. Imperial tuam tsev thoob plaws hauv lub teb chaws Ottoman, suav nrog Tuam Tsev ntawm Portunus hauv Rome, Maisons Carré hauv Fab Kis, thiab ntau lub Capitols (cov tuam tsev mob siab rau Jupiter, Juno, thiab Minerva) ntawm Roman colonies tsim nyob rau hauv North Africa, qhia pom pom kev sib txuas nrog. lub tuam tsev Capitoline. Lawv koom ua ke los ntawm ib qho kev sib koom ua ke, qhov sib sib zog nqus pem hauv ntej nkag thiab nplua nuj sculptural kho kom zoo nkauj. Txawm li cas los xij, kev cuam tshuam ntawm Tuam Tsev ntawm Jupiter kuj tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv dav dav Roman txoj hauv kev rau kev tsim vaj tsev - thaj chaw loj, chaw hauv nroog, kho kom zoo nkauj, thiab qhov siab zoo. Ua ke, cov ntsiab lus no yog cov cim tseem ceeb ntawm cov tuam tsev Roman thiab qhia tias nws yog qhov pib ntawm qhov uas yuav dhau los ua kev lees paub thoob ntiaj teb kev kos npe ntawm Roman txoj cai hla lub ntiaj teb Mediterranean. Tshwj xeeb, thawj lub tuam tsev Gallo-Roman ntawm Jupiter nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw uas Notre Dame Cathedral tam sim no sawv.
Lwm lub tsev
Tom qab lub tebchaws ntawm Pompeii, lub tuam tsev yav tas los ua rau ntawd los ua Capitol, lub tuam tsev rau lub nroog triad ntawm Jupiter, Juno thiab Minerva, raws li kev cai dab qhuas ntawm Rome. Nrog nws txoj hauj lwm tseem ceeb hauv lub Rooj Sab Laj thiab lub siab Vesuvius qab nws, lub Tuam Tsev ntawm Jupiter (Pompeii) yogib lub cim qhia txog kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub nroog. Nws sawv ntawm lub podium txog 17 meters ntev raws lub façade, muaj cov kauj ruam khiav raws tag nrho cov façade overlooking Forum. Nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm cov kauj ruam, rau kab (keeb kwm txog 12 meters siab) coj mus rau hauv ib qho chaw qhib (pronaos) uas nyob rau hauv lem coj mus rau cella los yog sab hauv sanctuary. Cella tau muab faib ua peb thaj chaw, uas muaj cov pej thuam ntawm Capitoline triad. Lub tuam tsev muaj ob lub dav hlau nqaim ntawm ntaiv, ib qho ntawm txhua sab ntawm lub hauv paus loj loj qhov chaw thaj chaw sawv, thiab ob lub monumental balustrades nrog equestrian pej thuam. Ib daim duab bas-relief uas piav txog lub tuam tsev thaum muaj av qeeg tau pom nyob rau hauv lub lararium hauv lub tsev ntawm Caecilius Jucundus thiab muab peb lub tswv yim ntawm lub tsev zoo li cas. Hauv qab lub podium yog ib chav me me uas muaj lub tuam tsev cov khoom dawb ceev, khoom fij, thiab tej zaum kuj yog ib lub txhab nyiaj.
Lub Tuam Tsev ntawm Jupiter Stator yog qhov kev tawm ntawm qhov chaw siab tshaj ntawm Capitol Hill. Raws li cov lus dab neeg Roman, Vaj Ntxwv Romulus tau tsim nws tom qab cog lus tias yuav tsim nws thaum muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov tub rog Loos thiab Sabines.
Kev sib ntaus sib tua tau tshwm sim hauv thaj chaw Forum ntawm Romulus thiab Tatius, huab tais ntawm Sabines. Cov neeg Loos raug yuam kom rov qab nce toj ntawm Via Sacra. Txawm li cas los xij, ntawm Porta Mugonia, Romulus tau thov Vajtswv rau Jupiter thiab cog lus rau nws los tsim lub tuam tsev yog tias nws nres qhov kev ua ntej ntawm Sabines. Cov neeg Loos tau koom ua ke thiab tuav lawv txoj haujlwm yam tsis tau swb.
Romulus nrhiav tau ib lub tuam tsev ntawm qhov chaw no, tej zaum tsis deb ntawmPorta los yog ze nws. Lub sanctuary feem ntau tsuas yog lub thaj uas nyob ib puag ncig ntawm phab ntsa qis lossis laj kab.
In 294 B. C. e. Marcus Atilius Regulus tau cog lus zoo sib xws hauv qhov xwm txheej zoo sib xws uas cov neeg Loos tau poob kev sib ntaus sib tua tawm tsam Samnites, tab sis lawv ua txuj ci tseem ceeb tig rov qab, sib sau ua ke thiab tuav lawv hauv av tawm tsam cov yeeb ncuab.
Lub tuam tsev raug puas tsuaj nyob rau hauv qhov hluav taws kub ntawm Rome thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Nero nyob rau hauv Lub Xya hli ntuj 64.
