Unicorn: Shuvalov's cannon nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab artillery

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 08:07

Kev siv lub tshuab pov tseg los ntaus cov yeeb ncuab ntawm qhov deb tau xyaum txij thaum ub. Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev txhim kho cov riam phom phom loj tau tshwm sim tom qab qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov hmoov phom. Cov tshuab pov tseg yog ib yam ntawm yav dhau los, lawv qhov chaw raug coj los ntawm ntau yam qauv ntawm phom, howitzers thiab mortars. Kev hloov tactics ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua tau ua rau kev txhim kho cov phom loj loj. Ib qho piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th yog Shuvalov's unicorn cannon.

Smoothbore artillery hloov kho

Nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawm 18th mus rau 19th centuries, cov khoom siv tau hloov kho nyob rau hauv cov tub rog armament ntawm tsarist Russia: nws tau yooj yim thiab koom ua ke. Cov kev hloov pauv tau cuam tshuam txog qhov ntev ntawm cov artillery pieces thiab thickness ntawm lawv cov phab ntsa. Tseem ceeb txo tus naj npawb ntawm calibers thiab friezes - decorations ntawm lub pob tw. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib koom ua ke, nws tau dhau los ua qhov siv tib yam rau cov phom sib txawv. Hauv qab hais kom uaFeldzeugmeister General (Chief of Artillery) suav Pyotr Ivanovich Shuvalov, riam phom tshiab tau pom zoo - unicorn (cannon). Lub howitzer los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd raug tshem tawm ntawm kev pabcuam nrog tsarist pab tub rog. Cov kev hloov kho tau txiav txim siab lub ntsej muag ntawm Lavxias teb sab artillery nyob rau hauv tsov rog ntawm 1812.

Kev tsim ua haujlwm

Nws coj ib pab neeg tsim qauv coj los ntawm suav Shuvalov ob peb xyoos los ua haujlwm ntawm kev tsim cov phom tshiab, kom txog thaum lawv tau txais cov qauv uas txaus siab rau lawv - rab phom tshiab - Shuvalov's unicorn. "Ua koj tus kheej" - lawv muab cov chaw tshwj xeeb rau cov neeg ua haujlwm niaj hnub, muab rau txhua qhov tsim nyog kos duab thiab kev tsim kho. Tsim ib rab phom raws li kev npaj cov duab kos yog ib txoj haujlwm yooj yim dua li qhov uas cov kws sau ntawv phom yuav tsum tau daws. Txij li thaum kev tshawb fawb nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd nyob deb ntawm kev xam cov theoretical, kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus qauv phom tshiab tau ua tiav los ntawm kev sim thiab yuam kev.

Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm ntau qhov kev sim, ntxiv rau cov unicorns, ntau lwm yam qauv ntawm cov phom tau tshwm sim, feem ntau ntawm cov tsis lees paub. Ib qho ntawm cov qauv no, tsis tau txais los ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias rau kev pabcuam, yog rab phom ntxaib. Cov phom loj no muaj ob lub thoob mounted ntawm ib lub tsheb.

Kev tua ntawm riam phom no tau ua nrog buckshot, uas suav nrog cov hlais hlau. Nws tau xav tias qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev tua xws li qhov projectile yuav loj heev. Tom qabkev sim nws muab tawm hais tias nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm nws cov hauj lwm zoo, ib rab phom ob yog tsis zoo dua li ib tug pa ib rab phom.

Dab tsi yog ib tug unicorn (cannon)?

Txij li thaum 1757, Lavxias teb sab artillery tau nruab nrog ib rab phom tshiab tsim los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm M. V. Danilov thiab M. G. Martynov. Cov riam phom tau tsim los hloov cov phom ntev ntev thiab cov phom sij. Lub cannon tau txais nws lub npe - ib tug unicorn - los ntawm ib tug mythical tsiaj, uas tau piav nyob rau hauv lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab ntawm Count P. I. Shuvalov.

Cov riam phom no, tshwj xeeb rau cov phom loj Lavxias, ua ke cov khoom ntawm cov phom loj thiab cov phom sij tsim los rau kev tso thiab tua hluav taws. Unicorns yog phom luv. Shuvalov cov khoom muaj ib lub oval chim channel, nyob rau hauv uas kab rov tav txoj kab uas hla yog ob peb zaug loj dua lub ntsug. Nyob rau hauv no nws txawv ntawm classical artillery pieces. Lub cev ntawm ib tug unicorn muaj cov duab ntawm ib tug oval cone. Thaum tua tawm ntawm nws, kab rov tav trajectory ntawm buckshot txav yog muab. Hauv cov cannons ua ntej, feem ntau ntawm cov nqi tau nqis mus rau hauv av, lossis ya hla tus yeeb ncuab taub hau.

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev hloov kho ntawm tsarist artillery

Tom qab kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm cov khoom siv, ib tus unicorn tau tshwm sim hauv kev pabcuam nrog cov tub rog Lavxias. Cov phom, daim duab uas nyob hauv qab no, yog ib qho khoom ua si tshiab, uas ua ke cov khoom zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov cuab yeej tua hluav taws yav dhau los.

Cov khoom lag luam ntawm Martynov thiab Danilov thaum lub sijhawm ntawd suav tias yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws, vim nws tau txais txiaj ntsigtxawv ntawm cov qauv zoo sib xws hauv nws qhov lightness thiab maneuverability. Txog li ib puas xyoo, unicorn cannon tau siv los ntawm tsarist pab tub rog, cov duab kos uas tau thov los ntawm Russia los ntawm nws cov phooj ywg Austrian xyoo 1760.

Tus qauv tshiab txawv li cas ntawm cov phom loj classic?

txhawm rau txhim kho qhov tseeb ntawm kev taw qhia riam phom ntawm lub hom phiaj, cov neeg tsim qauv tsim lub diopter yooj yim, uas tau nruab nrog lub unicorn. Cov phom tau nruab nrog lub ntsej muag, uas yog lub qhov nrog lub ntsej muag pom. Kev tua ntau yam ntawm cov khoom Shuvalov yog peb zaug ntau dua li ntawm lwm cov phom loj. Unicorns muaj qhov hnyav dua li cov phom ib txwm siv, tab sis tus nqi hluav taws xob ntau dua thiab them lub zog. Lawv txawv ntawm kev tua. Lub peev xwm los tua cov tub rog ntawm lub taub hau ntawm lub hinged trajectory yog ib tug yam ntxwv feature ntawm xws li riam phom xws li ib tug unicorn. rab phom, tus thawj tub rog ntawm riam phom tshiab, muaj peev xwm ntawm kev tua phom nkaus xwb.

Cov qauv hloov kho tshiab hluav taws kub dab tsi?

Shuvalov's artillery phom tuaj yeem tua cov foob pob, uas yog hollow spherical projectiles puv nrog cov hmoov dub thiab nruab nrog ntoo fuse raj. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev no, unicorns zoo ib yam li luv-barreled howitzers. Lawv txawv ntawm kev them nqi ceev thiab ntau yam. Unicorns tau ua haujlwm ob zaug ntawm howitzers.

Ntxiv rau, tus unicorn tau txawv los ntawm kev siv dav ntawm cannonballs thiab buckshot. Lub cannon (classic) tau tsim tsuas yog rau kev tua phom. RauTxhawm rau tua cov yeeb ncuab, cov phom qub yuav tsum tau ua ntej ntawm infantry: lawv lub kaum sab xis ntawm qhov siab tsis tshaj 15 degrees, thaum lub cev ntawm Shuvalov unicorn tau tsa 45 degrees rau kev tua.

Chamber ntaus ntawv

Ua ntej cov unicorns, cov tub rog Lavxias thiab European siv 18-25 rab phom caliber thiab 6-8 caliber howitzers. Lub caliber tau txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov sib piv ntawm qhov ntev ntawm rab phom thiab txoj kab uas hla ntawm nws lub thoob. Cov phom classic thaum lub sijhawm ntawd tsis tau nruab nrog lub chamber them, yog li nws tseem hu ua chamberless. Lub thoob channel hauv rab phom no tau dhau mus rau hauv qab, uas muaj cov duab tiaj tus los yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm hemisphere. Howitzers muaj cylindrical charging chambers.

Unicorns tau nruab nrog cov khoom them nyiaj uas yog conical hauv cov duab. Lub chamber yog ib sab nraub qaum nrog txoj kab uas hla ntawm rab phom loj thiab tau npaj los tso cov nqi capshot.

Nws yog ib lub khob truncated nyob rau hauv cov duab, uas xaus nrog ib tug kheej kheej hauv qab nrog ib tug tob ntawm 2 calibers. Vim qhov kev tsim no, thaum aim rab phom ntawm lub hom phiaj, qhov zoo tshaj plaws centering thiab ballistics ntawm lub projectile tau guaranteed.

Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev thauj khoom lub conical chambers ntawm cov phom tshiab tau yooj yim dua thiab sai dua li cov cylindrical chambers ntawm howitzers. Vim qhov kev tsim ua tiav, lub unicorn muaj qhov hnyav tsawg, uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau nws txoj kev ua haujlwm. Tom qab 1808, Shuvalov cannons tau hloov los ntawm ib tug kheej kheej nrog ib tug ca hauv qab, uas muaj roundings. Qhov tob ntawm lub chamber tau txo qis.

hom phom loj twg tau sivAdvanced cannon?

tooj liab thiab cam khwb cia hlau tau siv los ua unicorns. Lub teb artillery tau nruab nrog tooj liab phom peb phaus. Phaus cannons ua los ntawm cov khoom no tau siv los ntawm siege artillery. Pound unicorns ua los ntawm cam khwb cia hlau yog npaj rau serf.

1757 phom

Hais txog nws qhov kev puas tsuaj, ib phaus unicorn tsis qis dua rau kaum yim-phaus cannon. Nws qhov hnyav yog 1048 kg. Qhov no yog 64 phaus tsawg dua li ntawm lub cannon. Vim li no, rab phom Shuvalov yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev ua haujlwm siab. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm nws tactical thiab technical yam ntxwv, ib phaus unicorn yog superior rau rau-phaus cannon, uas nyob rau hauv 1734 tau suav hais tias yog lub lightest field artillery phom. Shuvalov cov xeeb ntxwv tau hloov mus rau kaum phaus sib dua li rab phom thiab muaj kev puas tsuaj loj thaum tua buckshot. Ib phaus unicorn tshaj lub howitzer, uas zoo tib yam hauv qhov hnyav. Qhov cuam tshuam loj heev ntawm kev sib tsoo los yog cov foob pob tawg siab los ntawm kev txhim kho cannon ntawm cov yeeb ncuab fortifications yog ob zaug ntawm cov pa foob pob siv los ntawm ib phaus howitzer.

Tus caliber txiav txim siab li cas?

Txog xyoo pua 19th, lub caliber tsis ntsuas los ntawm txoj kab uas hla ntawm lub bore. Rau qhov no, kwv yees qhov hnyav ntawm cov tub ntxhais siv los ntawm cov phom loj tau muab coj los siv. Tom qab kuaj peb-phaus unicorn, lub caliber ntawm 320 hli, nws tau pom tias rab phom no hnyav dhau lawm thiab ua haujlwm hnyav. Pab neeg tsim qauv tau tso tseg tsis ua haujlwm ntawm tus qauv phom loj no.

rau dab tsiCov phom Shuvalov puas ua haujlwm?

• Ua ntej yuav tua, tus unicorn aimed ntawm lub hom phiaj.
• Txoj kev nce thiab txo qis ntawm rab phom tau ua tiav siv cov cuab yeej pom - cov ntsia hlau.
• Yuav tig riam phom mus rau hauv kab rov tav, cov neeg tsim qauv muab cov levers tshwj xeeb.
• Kho rab phom tsom rau tus yeeb ncuab tau nqa nrog cov hlua.
• Cov hmoov phom tau ignited los ntawm lub wick, uas tau nruab nrog lub igniter.
• Rau cov phom loj thiab cov unicorns, kev thauj khoom muzzle tau muab: cores, foob pob thiab tin khob ntim nrog cov xov hlau (buckshot) tau muab tso rau hauv rab phom los ntawm lub thoob. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nyob rau hauv unicorns, ib tug projectile los ntawm sab saum toj ntawm lub muzzle poob mus rau hauv ib tug nqaim lub khob hliav qab thiab, nrog nws qhov hnyav, nruj nreem kaw cov hmoov dub nqi twb muaj, uas ua ib tug knock-out function.
• Thaum lub sijhawm sib xyaw ntawm cov hmoov phom, ib qho txaus ntawm lub zog tau tsim los thawb lub projectile tawm ntawm lub muzzle. Tom qab lub invention ntawm unicorns, cov efficiency ntawm artillery pieces tau zoo heev. Nyob rau hauv Shuvalov cov khoom, thaum lub sij hawm combustion ntawm ib tug hmoov nqi, lub zog tau muab tag nrho rau lub khob-tso tawm projectile, thiab tsis tau siv los ntawm qhov tsis muaj nyob rau hauv lub chim phab ntsa, raws li yog cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv cov pa phom.
• Tom qab txhua qhov kev txhaj tshuaj, cov muzzles ntawm cov phom loj tau ntxuav nrog banniks - txhuam tshwj xeeb ua los ntawm cov tawv nqaij mutton.

rab phom luv yog dab tsi?

• Artillerytus qauv tsim ntawm lub unicorn yog me dua li ib tug pa cannon, tab sis loj dua ib tug mortar.
• Cov khoom ntawm suav Shuvalov tau tsim kom deb li deb li 3 txhiab meters. Qhov kev ncua deb no suav hais tias tseem ceeb thaum lub sijhawm.
• Tus unicorn lub chim luv tau nce nws qhov tseeb. Qhov no tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias kev tsim cov phom rau cov phom loj tsis zoo tag nrho nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd: muaj qhov tsis sib xws ntawm microscopic irregularities nyob rau sab hauv ntawm lub muzzle, muaj peev xwm hloov tau qhov projectile trajectory, yog ib txwm muaj. Qhov loj ntawm lub pob tw, qhov ntau dua qhov tshwm sim ntawm xws li irregularities. Txo lub chim txo qhov zaus ntawm deflection thiab unpredictable rotation ntawm projectiles thaum lub sij hawm tua, thiab qhov no, nyob rau hauv lem, txhim kho qhov raug ntawm hits.
• Txo qhov loj ntawm lub thoob tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev thauj khoom ceev. Ua ntej qhov tshwm sim ntawm unicorns, cov pa roj carbon monoxide tau siv sijhawm tsawg kawg 15 feeb los tua ib zaug.
• Nyob rau hauv rab phom Shuvalov, txheej txheem ntawm aiming thiab tswj tau yooj yim dua. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub thoob luv luv tau nce qib ntawm qhov siab mus rau 45. Ib rab phom ib txwm tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav qhov ntsuas no.

Shuvalov's unicorn. DIY

Craftsmen uas xav tsim riam phom qauv rau lawv cov khoom sau nrog lawv tus kheej txhais tes yuav tsum paub tias ua ntej koj pib ua tus qauv unicorn, koj yuav tsum muaj cov qauv ntawm cov khoom yav tom ntej ua ntej koj ob lub qhov muag. Tus qauv tsim yog ib qho yooj yim ua nrog ntawv. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev ua hauj lwm, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los soj ntsuam ib tug scale. Rau qhov no, cov tub rog khoom ua si tuaj yeem siv tau, nrog kev pab los ntawm cov qauv yav tom ntej ntawm rab phom loj yuav raug khi rau qhov ntev ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Yog tias koj muaj tus qauv tsim los ua kom zoo, koj tuaj yeem pib ua ib qho zoo sib xws, tab sis twb ua los ntawm ntoo.

Thaum ua haujlwm nrog cov khoom siv no, nws raug nquahu kom siv cov kua roj vanish, uas yuav tuav cov khoom me me ua ke thiab tiv thaiv lawv qhov kev hloov pauv. Txhawm rau kom cov cuab yeej muaj lub tiaj tiaj, lawv yuav tsum tau ua tiav nrog cov ntaub ntawv. Cov khoom raug pom zoo kom impregnated nrog tooj liab sulphate zoo tib yam, uas tuaj yeem yuav ntawm lub khw muag khoom kho vajtse. Cov txheej txheem impregnation nws tus kheej tsis yog ib qho nyuaj: tooj liab sulfate yuav tsum tau diluted nyob rau hauv ib lub thawv me me, uas yuav tsum tau dipped nyob rau hauv lem. Thaum cov phom pib tsaus, lawv yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm los ntawm kev daws thiab kho nrog kev xav thiab muab tshuaj txhuam (goy lossis asidol). Cov txheej txheem no tuaj yeem ua tau ntau zaus. Tom qab kev kho saum npoo av, cov phom yuav muaj cov xim bronze tiag tiag.

Zoo kawg

Nyob rau xyoo pua 18th, cov nroj tsuag steel hauv Urals tau suav hais tias yog ib qho kev lag luam loj loj uas tsim tau hlau ntau dua li hauv Western European lub xeev. Ib qho loj npaum li cas ntawm cov khoom tsim nyog tau ua rau suav Shuvalov kom paub txog nws txoj haujlwm tsim. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm ntau lawm, los ntawm 1759, cov neeg ua haujlwm tau nrum 477 txawv qauv ntawm cov unicorn: phom muaj rau calibers thiab hnyav los ntawm 340 kg mus rau 3.5 tons.

Unicorns tau ua pov thawj lawv cov txiaj ntsig hauv kev ua tsov rog tawm tsam Turks, qhov yeej uas tau muab Crimea thiab Tshiab Russia rau Tsarist Russia. Lub xub ntiag ntawm cov phom loj no nyob rau xyoo pua 18th tau tso cai rau cov tub rog Lavxias los ua tus muaj zog tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe.