Ntxiv rau cov roj thiab cov pa uas paub zoo, muaj lwm yam tseem ceeb sib npaug. Cov no suav nrog cov ore uas mined kom tau ferrous thiab non-ferrous hlau los ntawm kev ua. Lub xub ntiag ntawm ore deposits yog kev nplua nuj ntawm txhua lub teb chaws.
Dab tsi yog ores?
Txhua qhov kev tshawb fawb ntuj teb cov lus nug no ntawm nws tus kheej. Mineralogy txhais cov ore raws li ib txheej ntawm cov ntxhia, txoj kev kawm uas tsim nyog los txhim kho cov txheej txheem ntawm kev rho tawm cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lawv, thiab chemistry kawm txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ore txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov ntsiab lus zoo thiab muaj nuj nqis ntawm cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig hauv. nws.
Geology txiav txim siab cov lus nug: "Dab tsi yog ores?" los ntawm qhov kev pom ntawm qhov ua tau zoo ntawm lawv cov kev lag luam siv, txij li qhov kev tshawb fawb no kawm txog cov qauv thiab cov txheej txheem tshwm sim hauv lub plab hnyuv ntawm lub ntiaj teb, cov xwm txheej rau kev tsim cov pob zeb thiab cov zaub mov, thiab kev tshawb nrhiav cov pob zeb tshiab. Lawv yog thaj chaw nyob rau saum npoo ntawm lub ntiaj teb, uas, vim yog cov txheej txheem geological, muaj peev xwm tsim cov pob zeb hauv av tau sau rau kev lag luam.
Ore formation
Yog li, rau lo lus nug: "Dab tsi yog ores?" Cov lus teb tiav tshaj plaws yog qhov no. Ore yog lub pob zeb uas muaj cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov hlau hauv nws. Tsuas yog hauv qhov no nws muaj nqis. Cov hlau ore yog tsim thaum cov magma uas muaj lawv cov tebchaw txias. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv crystallize, faib raws li lawv qhov hnyav atomic. Cov hnyav tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv qab ntawm magma thiab sawv tawm hauv ib txheej nyias. Lwm cov minerals tsim pob zeb, thiab cov kua dej hydrothermal sab laug los ntawm magma kis los ntawm cov voids. Cov khoom muaj nyob rau hauv nws, solidifying, tsim cov leeg. Pob zeb, raug rhuav tshem nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm ntuj tsim, yog tso rau hauv qab ntawm reservoirs, tsim sedimentary deposits. Nyob ntawm cov pob zeb muaj pes tsawg leeg, muaj ntau yam hlau ores.
hlau ore
Hom ntawm cov zaub mov no txawv heev. Dab tsi yog ores, tshwj xeeb, hlau? Yog tias cov ore muaj hlau txaus rau kev lag luam, nws hu ua hlau ore. Lawv txawv hauv keeb kwm, tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, nrog rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov hlau thiab impurities uas yuav pab tau. Raws li txoj cai, cov no yog txuam nrog cov hlau uas tsis yog-ferrous, piv txwv li, chromium lossis npib tsib xee, tab sis kuj muaj cov teeb meem - sulfur lossis phosphorus.
Cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov hlau ore yog sawv cev los ntawm nws ntau yam oxides, hydroxides lossis carbonic ntsev ntawm hlau oxide. Cov ore tsim muaj xws li liab, xim av thiab hlau hlau ore, nrog rau cov hlau luster - lawv suav hais tias yog cov nplua nuj tshaj plaws thiab muaj hlau.ntau tshaj 50%. Cov neeg pluag suav nrog cov uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tsawg - 25%.
Kev sib xyaw ntawm hlau ore
Sib nqus hlau ore yog hlau oxide. Nws muaj ntau tshaj li 70% cov hlau ntshiab, tab sis nyob rau hauv deposits nws tshwm sim ua ke nrog sulfur pyrites, thiab tej zaum nrog zinc blende thiab lwm yam formations. Sib nqus hlau ore yog suav tias yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov ores siv. Hlau ci kuj muaj txog li 70% hlau. Liab hlau ore - hlau oxide - yog ib qhov chaw ntawm extraction ntawm ntshiab hlau. Thiab xim av analogues muaj txog li 60% cov ntsiab lus hlau thiab pom muaj impurities, qee zaum muaj teeb meem. Lawv yog hydrous hlau oxide thiab nrog yuav luag tag nrho cov hlau ore. Lawv kuj yooj yim rau kev yooj yim ntawm kev khawb thiab kev ua, txawm li cas los xij, cov hlau tau los ntawm hom ore no yog qhov tsis zoo.
Raws li keeb kwm ntawm cov hlau ore deposits, lawv muab faib ua peb pawg loj.
- Endogenous, lossis magmatogenic. Lawv tsim yog vim cov txheej txheem geochemical uas tau tshwm sim hauv qhov tob ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust, magmatic phenomena.
- Exogenous, los yog nto, deposits yog tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub ze-surface cheeb tsam ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust, uas yog, nyob rau hauv qab ntawm pas dej, dej, dej hiav txwv.
- Metamorphogenic deposits tau tsim ntawm qhov tob txaus los ntawm lub ntiaj teb saum npoo nyob rau hauv qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev kub siab thiab qhov kub thiab txias.
Reserves of iron ore in the country
Russia yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv ntau yam deposits. Qhov loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no yog Kursk magnetic anomaly, muaj yuav luag 50% ntawm tag nrho covntiaj teb reserves. Nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no, ib tug sib nqus anomaly twb tau sau tseg nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th, tab sis txoj kev loj hlob ntawm deposits pib tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub 30s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem. Cov ore reserves nyob rau hauv lub phiab no yog siab nyob rau hauv cov hlau ntshiab, lawv ntsuas nyob rau hauv billions tons, thiab mining yog nqa tawm los ntawm qhib lub qhov los yog underground mining.
Bakchar hlau ore deposit, uas yog ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws thiab lub ntiaj teb no, twb nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv lub 60s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem. Cov ore reserves nyob rau hauv nws nrog ib tug concentration ntawm ntshiab hlau mus txog 60% yog hais txog 30 billion tons.
Nyob hauv thaj chaw Krasnoyarsk muaj qhov tso nyiaj Abagasskoye - nrog cov hlau nplaum hlau. Nws tau pom rov qab rau hauv 30s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, tab sis nws txoj kev loj hlob pib tsuas yog ib nrab xyoo tom qab. Nyob rau sab qaum teb thiab yav qab teb thaj tsam ntawm lub phiab, qhib-qhov mining yog ua, thiab tus nqi ntawm reserves yog 73 lab tons.
Qhib xyoo 1856, Abakan hlau ore tso nyiaj tseem ua haujlwm. Thaum xub thawj, txoj kev loj hlob tau ua nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev qhib, thiab los ntawm 60s ntawm lub xyoo pua XX - los ntawm ib tug underground txoj kev ntawm ib tug tob ntawm txog 400 meters. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov hlau ntshiab hauv cov ore nce mus txog 48%.
Nickel ores
nickel ore yog dab tsi? Mineral formations uas yog siv rau kev tsim khoom ntawm cov hlau no hu ua nickel ores. Muaj sulfide tooj liab-nickel ores nrog cov ntsiab lus hlau ntshiab txog li plaub feem pua thiab silicate nickel ore, tib qhov taw qhia uas yog mus txog 2.9%. Thawj hom deposits feem ntau yog hom igneous, thiab silicate ores pomnyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm huab cua crust.
Kev txhim kho ntawm kev lag luam npib tsib xee hauv tebchaws Russia tau txuas nrog kev txhim kho ntawm lawv qhov chaw nyob hauv Middle Urals hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Yuav luag 85% ntawm sulfide deposits yog concentrated nyob rau hauv lub Norilsk cheeb tsam. Cov deposits nyob rau hauv Taimyr yog qhov loj tshaj plaws thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev nplua nuj ntawm reserves thiab ntau yam minerals; lawv muaj 56 lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub sij hawm. Hais txog qhov zoo ntawm nickel ores, Russia tsis qis dua rau lwm lub tebchaws, qhov zoo dua yog tias lawv muaj cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj ntxiv.
Ntawm Kola Peninsula, kwv yees li kaum feem pua ntawm cov peev txheej npib tsib xee yog tsom rau hauv cov nyiaj sulphide deposits, thiab silicate deposits tau tsim nyob rau hauv Middle thiab Southern Urals.
Russian ores yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov ntau thiab ntau yam xav tau rau kev siv hauv kev lag luam. Txawm li cas los xij, tib lub sijhawm, lawv txawv los ntawm cov xwm txheej nyuaj ntawm kev rho tawm, kev faib tawm tsis sib xws ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub tebchaws, tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm thaj av uas muaj peev txheej nyob thiab cov pej xeem ceev.
