Cov neeg qaum teb thiab lawv cov kab lis kev cai

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 07:46

Yav dhau los, ethnologists suav txog 45 tus neeg sib txawv nyob hauv huab cua hnyav nyob rau sab qaum teb. Lawv nyob ua pab pawg me, nyias muaj nyias hom lus, kab lig kev cai thiab kev ntseeg.

Ntuj yog leej twg?

Lub tswv yim ntawm "neeg qaum teb" yog nce ntxiv nrog lo lus "me". Raws li cov ntaub ntawv raug cai, cov neeg raug suav hais tias yog cov uas nws cov neeg sawv cev tsis tshaj qhov pib ntawm 50,000 tus neeg. Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg uas txawm li cas los xij tshaj li daim duab no, tab sis nyob rau sab qaum teb, hwm cov kev coj noj coj ua thaum ub ntawm lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv, thiab lees paub tib txoj kev ntseeg, yuav tsis tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv cov npe. Yog tias peb xav txog cov neeg ntawm Far North tsuas yog hais txog lawv cov lej tsawg, Komi, Karelians thiab Yakuts yuav tsum raug pov tawm ntawm cov npe. Cov no yog pab pawg loj heev.

Kev cai lij choj

Nyob rau xyoo 1995, thawj zaug, ib daim ntawv teev npe ntawm cov haiv neeg thiab cov neeg nyob rau sab qaum teb tau tshaj tawm, uas tsis yog nyob hauv Russia nkaus xwb, tab sis tseem khaws lawv cov kev coj noj coj ua thiab niaj hnub. Nws suav nrog Komi thiab Yakuts, uas koom nrog kev yug me nyuam reindeer. Lawv txhua tus nyob hauv ib cheeb tsam me me, sib txawv ntawm lawv cov dej num thiab yog ib feem ntawm pawg neeg loj. Cov kws tshawb fawb niaj hnub tham txog cov neeg ntawm North thiab Siberia, vim tiascov teb chaws no nyob los ntawm ob peb pab neeg Russians.

Xyoo 1999, cov haiv neeg tshwj xeeb tau muab txhais ntxiv. Cov neeg nyob rau sab qaum teb tau lees paub tias yog cov neeg nyob hauv lawv thaj chaw, uas lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv ib zaug nyob, muaj lawv tus kheej cov lus, khaws cov kev cai, siv tib hom zaub mov thiab tsawg dua tsib caug txhiab tus neeg. Qhov tseeb, cov kws tshawb fawb tau hla tawm txog 30% ntawm pawg neeg.

Xyoo 2000, thawj zaug, tag nrho cov neeg me hauv North tau suav nrog hauv ib daim ntawv teev npe. Cov npe suav nrog 45 haiv neeg uas paub txog niaj hnub no. Txhua tus ntawm lawv nyob ntawm lawv tus kheej thaj chaw, koom nrog qee yam khoom siv tes ua, thaum sib cuag nrog lwm tus ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm Lavxias Federation, raws li txoj cai, los ntawm kev lag luam. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv cov kev coj noj coj ua tau khaws cia thiab xa mus raws li kev nplua nuj ntawm lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv.

Yuav luag kaum xya ntawm cov npe tsis muaj ntau tshaj 1,500 tus tswv cuab.

Cov neeg qaum teb yeej ceev faj txog ib puag ncig. Lawv sim tsim cov xwm txheej ib puag ncig, ua rau muaj kev phom sij tsawg.

Ntau tus ntawm lawv tau hloov pauv lawv qhov chaw nyob hauv keeb kwm, tab sis feem ntau lawv haiv neeg ib puag ncig kuj hloov tib lub sijhawm.

nyiaj tau los

Ntawm ntev cov haiv neeg qaum teb tsuas yog sib pauv hloov. Lawv muab cov khoom seem thiab tau txais yam lawv xav tau. Lawv pauv cov khoom siv rau txhua hnub, nrog rau ntau yam chiv, fossils, thiab lwm yam.

Nyob thaum ub, lawv hla ib leeg txawm flint, los ntawm qhov twgtsim cov cuab yeej rau kev yos hav zoov.

Kev nuv ntses tseem ceeb rau cov neeg no feem ntau yog:

• reindeer herding;
• nuv ntses;
• sib sau;

Nyob zoo ib tsoom phooj ywg.

Ntau ntau tus muaj lub sijhawm tsiv teb tsaws chaw, thaum lub sijhawm mus yos hav zoov tau ua lossis pauv nrog lwm tus neeg nyob hauv thaj av no.

Kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw zoo heev

Cov neeg nyob rau sab qaum teb tau hloov pauv ntau tom qab cov dej khov pib yaj 10,000 xyoo dhau los. Thaum muaj qhov tshwm sim no, ib feem ntawm pawg neeg hauv zos, uas tau siv los nyob hauv nruab nrab lossis sab qab teb ntawm lub tebchaws, tsiv mus rau sab qaum teb.

Lawv tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas los ntawm pawg lus:

• Evens, Dolgans, Evenks thiab ntau lwm haiv neeg ntawm Far North yog pawg Turkic thiab Tungus-Manchurian;
• Nenets, Nganasans, Selkups thiab Enets yog cov zej zog ntawm cov lus Samoyedic;
• Yukaghirs rau Paleo-Asiatic, sib txuas txhua yam uas cov neeg nyob rau sab qaum teb thiab sab hnub tuaj coj mus rau lawv kab lis kev cai;
• Khanty, Saami thiab Mansi rau ib pab pawg neeg ntawm Finno-Ugric lus.

Yukaghir pob zeb paintings tau pom nyob rau hauv lub roob Angara. Thiab tam sim no lawv txhua tus nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Russia. Ntau qhov kawg hauv Arctic.

Sijhawm dhau mus, cov lus thiab txawm tias cov tsos ntawm cov nomads hloov. Lawv lub cev tau yoog kom ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov tsis tu ncua.

kab lis kev cai ntawm haiv neeg North

kab lis kev cai ntawm txhua haiv neeg yog qhov tshwj xeeb thiab tsis tsim nyog. Txawm tias muaj tsawg los, cov haiv neeg tau kawm cov lus ntawm lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv thiab khaws cia kev coj noj coj ua.

Txhua hom lus uas hais los ntawm ib haiv neeg yog muab faib ua ntau hom subspecies.

Piv txwv li, Chukchi muaj txog tsib yam lus sib txawv. Txhua yam yog yam ntxwv ntawm ib cheeb tsam uas lawv nyob.

Nkauj Hmoob

Cov neeg hauv paus txawm nyob rau sab qaum teb ua tib zoo khaws cia cov dab neeg qub qub dhau los ntawm ib tiam dhau ib tiam. Lawv cov lus dab neeg tuaj yeem suav tias yog ib qho kev coj noj coj ua tshwj xeeb. Cov kws tshawb fawb tseem tab tom sau tag nrho cov phiaj xwm los ntawm cov dab neeg rov qab los ntawm cov neeg sab qaum teb. Nrog kev pab los ntawm lawv, koj tuaj yeem nkag siab qhov txheej txheem tau tshwm sim rau cov neeg no nyob rau ntau pua xyoo.

Hnub caiv ib xyoos ib xyoos dhau los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm pawg neeg, tau hloov zuj zus. Nkauj kab lig kev cai, suab paj nruag, seev cev - tag nrho cov ntawm lawv tseem khaws cia los ntawm cov zej zog.

Material Culture

Cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khaub ncaws ua haujlwm faib rau txhua haiv neeg. Tsis tas li ntawd feem ntau ntawm cov tsoos tsoos tsho ntawm cov neeg sab qaum teb muaj scenes ntawm lawv lub neej, cov duab ntawm lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv. Koj tuaj yeem pom cov motifs dej ntawm cov khaub ncaws ntawm cov haiv neeg uas koom nrog kev nuv ntses raws li kev lag luam loj. Dluab ntawm mos lwj tshwm nyob rau ntawm reindeer herders.

Txhua haiv neeg yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm lawv lub tsev, ua rau qhov chaw nyob, ua haujlwm. Nomadic pab pawg neeg feem ntau tsim cov qauv ib ntus uastuaj yeem yooj yim disassembled kom txav mus rau lwm qhov chaw.

Raws li kev noj haus, cov neeg nyob rau sab qaum teb tseem muaj ib txoj kev khaws cia zaub mov - ziab lawv. Qhov no tso cai rau peb hloov peb lub tub yees li ib txwm. Piv txwv li, ziab reindeer nqaij, ntses, ntau yam txiv hmab txiv ntoo, nceb, tshuaj ntsuab yog dav nyob rau hauv feem ntau thaj tsam ntawm Northern Russia.

Qhov tseem ceeb, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm pawg neeg no tau koom nrog kev noj zaub mov nyoos. Lawv tsis noj nqaij lossis txiv hmab txiv ntoo, ntses lossis tshuaj ntsuab, nyiam noj lawv nyoos. Lawm, qhov no ua tau vim qhov tseeb tias qhov kub tsis tshua muaj siab tshaj xoom.

Kev ntseeg

Nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Russia tsis muaj cov ntseeg, lossis Muslims, lossis lwm tus. Nws yog vim li no uas kev ntseeg thaum ub tau khaws cia ntawm no. Qhov no yog qhov txaus siab rau cov kws tshawb fawb thiab theologians. Kev pom ntawm cov pej xeem hauv zos yog qhov txawv ntawm lwm haiv neeg.

Shamans tseem tuav rawv siab. Cov neeg hwm no yog tus coj ntawm lub ntiaj teb ntsuj plig thiab tib neeg ib puag ncig. Lawv ua haujlwm raws li kws kho mob hlwb, kws kho mob thiab cov kws qhia kev ntseeg.

Raws li cov neeg hauv paus txawm, xwm txheej yog cov kab mob nyob. Txhua yam nyob ib puag ncig muaj tus ntsuj plig thiab tuaj yeem pab thiab ua phem. Yog vim li no, tag nrho cov neeg ntawm sab qaum teb revere tus ntsuj plig ntawm cov tsiaj, hav zoov, roob thiab nroj tsuag. Cov poj koob yawm txwv tsim nyog hwm tshwj xeeb. Yog vim li cas, lawv yeej yuav pab tau lawv cov txheeb ze. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog lawv uas khaws tag nrho cov kev paub,leej twg tau lub genus thaum nws muaj.

Ntxim qab kawg, kev ntseeg sab qaum teb tsis muaj dab tsi cuam tshuam nrog kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov neeg Khab. Yog tias peb kos ib qho kev sib txuas, ces nws yuav nyob ze rau qhov txaus ntshai voodoo. Tab sis, tsis zoo li yav tas los, shamans siv lawv txoj kev paub tshwj xeeb rau qhov zoo.

keeb kwm keeb kwm

Ntau tus ntseeg tias lub txaj ntawm tag nrho cov pej xeem hauv ntiaj teb yog Mesopotamia thiab lub xeev ntawm Sumerians. Muaj ib lub tswv yim hais tias noob neej yog keeb kwm nyob rau hauv Egypt. Tej zaum thawj cov neeg pib tshawb txog Tuam Tshoj lossis Is Nrias teb. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem hais meej.

Tab sis muaj txhua qhov laj thawj los ntseeg tias Russia kuj lees tias cov xwm txheej ntawm ib lub xeev qub tshaj plaws. Cov neeg qaum teb nyob ntawm no thaum ntxov li 9,000 xyoo dhau los. Hloov chaw, cov cuab yeej nrhiav tau thiab cov khoom siv hauv tsev tso cai rau peb tham txog nws. Twb pom tau tias cov pov thawj qub tseem tsis tau pom dua.

Cov Yukaghirs tshwj xeeb rau qhov no. Lub teb chaws no suav hais tias yog qhov qub tshaj plaws thiab nws cov hauv paus hniav tuaj yeem rov qab mus rau mythical Hyperboreans. Raws li lwm version, lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv yuav tsum tau suav hais tias yog Chukchi, txij li lawv txoj kev ua neej yog qhov haum rau Arctic. Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, lawv tseem nyob deb ntawm lwm pab pawg neeg ntawm kev siv tshuab.

Yog hais tias peb tham txog cov me nyuam yaus ntawm sab qaum teb, cov no yog cov Tzis. Cov haiv neeg no tau tsim tsuas yog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, thaum lub Lavxias teb sab tsars nquag pib tsim lub teb chaws ntawm Ussuriysk. Lub assimilation ntawm ntau haiv neeg (Nanai, Udege, Suav), uas pom lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv kev sib cais, coj mus rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib pab pawg neeg tshiab.